Journal ArticleDOI
Anthrax prevention and treatment: utility of therapy combining antibiotic plus vaccine
TLDR
Optimal post-exposure treatment of immunologically naive individuals should include a combination of vaccine plus antibiotic therapy, and efforts are underway to bolster the immunogenicity of rPA by combining it with adjuvants and other immunostimulatory agents.Abstract:
The intentional release of anthrax spores in 2001 confirmed this pathogen's ability to cause widespread panic, morbidity and mortality. While individuals exposed to anthrax can be successfully treated with antibiotics, pre-exposure vaccination can reduce susceptibility to infection-induced illness. Concern over the safety and immunogenicity of the licensed US vaccine (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA)) has fueled research into alternatives. Second-generation anthrax vaccines based on purified recombinant protective antigen (rPA) have entered clinical trials. These rPA vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that prevent illness, but the magnitude and duration of the resultant protective response is modest. Efforts are underway to bolster the immunogenicity of rPA by combining it with adjuvants and other immunostimulatory agents. Third generation vaccines are under development that utilize a wide variety of immunization platforms, antigens, adjuvants, delivery methods and routes of delivery to optimize the in...read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Kochʼs postulates in relation to the work of jacob henle and edwin klebs
TL;DR: This essay will determine how Koch stated and used the postulates in some of his early papers, and examine the research tradition from which Koch seems to have derived the postulate, and argue that Edwin Klebs was a more important research tradition.
Journal ArticleDOI
Inhibitors of Bacillus anthracis edema factor
Roland Seifert,Stefan Dove +1 more
TL;DR: Several methodological approaches, complementing each other, are now available to direct the development of potent, selective, orally applicable and clinically useful EF inhibitors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Anthrax prevention through vaccine and post-exposure therapy.
Manish Manish,Shashikala Verma,Divya Kandari,Parul Kulshreshtha,Samer Singh,Samer Singh,Rakesh Bhatnagar,Rakesh Bhatnagar +7 more
TL;DR: This work states that the identification of novel inhibitors targeting different key-molecules and vital-steps contributing to the overall anthrax pathophysiology could make a difference in anthrax control.
Journal ArticleDOI
Glycan surface antigens from Bacillus anthracis as vaccine targets: current status and future perspectives
TL;DR: Carohydrate structures found on surfaces of vegetative cells and spores and the tetrasaccharide unit isolated from the exosporium protein BclA were proven immunogenic in an animal model after covalent linkage to carrier protein.
Journal ArticleDOI
Layered and integrated medical countermeasures against Burkholderia pseudomallei infections in C57BL/6 mice
Christopher P. Klimko,Jennifer L. Shoe,Nathaniel O. Rill,Melissa G. Hunter,Jennifer L. Dankmeyer,Yuli Talyansky,Lindsey Schmidt,Caitlyn E. Orne,David P. Fetterer,Sergei Biryukov,Mary N. Burtnick,Paul J. Brett,David DeShazer,Christopher K. Cote +13 more
TL;DR: Layered and integrated medical countermeasures will provide novel treatment options for melioidosis as well as diseases caused by other pathogens that are refractory to individual strategies, particularly in the case of engineered, emerging, or re-emerging bacterial biothreat agents.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management.
Thomas V. Inglesby,Tara O'Toole,Donald A. Henderson,John G. Bartlett,Michael S. Ascher,Edward M. Eitzen,Arthur M. Friedlander,Julie L. Gerberding,Jerome Hauer,James M. Hughes,Joseph E. McDade,Michael T. Osterholm,Gerald W. Parker,Trish M. Perl,Philip K. Russell,Kevin Tonat +15 more
TL;DR: This revised consensus statement presents new information based on the analysis of the anthrax attacks of 2001, including developments in the investigation of the Anthrax Attacks of 2001; important symptoms, signs, and laboratory studies; new diagnostic clues that may help future recognition of this disease; updated antibiotic therapeutic considerations; and judgments about environmental surveillance and decontamination.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979
Matthew Meselson,Jeanne Guillemin,Martin Hugh-Jones,Alexander Langmuir,Ilona Popova,Alexis Shelokov,Olga Yampolskaya +6 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that the escape of an aerosol of anthrax pathogen at the military facility caused the outbreak of Sverdlovsk and that most victims worked or lived in a narrow zone extending from a military facility to the southern city limit.
Journal ArticleDOI
Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings.
Daniel B. Jernigan,Pratima L Raghunathan,Beth P. Bell,Ross J. Brechner,Eddy A. Bresnitz,Jay C. Butler,Marty Cetron,Mitch Cohen,Timothy J. Doyle,Marc Fischer,Carolyn M. Greene,Kevin S. Griffith,Jeannette Guarner,James L. Hadler,James A. Hayslett,Richard D. Meyer,Lyle R. Petersen,Michael R. Phillips,Robert W. Pinner,Tanja Popovic,Conrad P. Quinn,Jennita Reefhuis,Dori B. Reissman,Nancy E. Rosenstein,Anne Schuchat,Wun-Ju Shieh,Larry Siegal,David L. Swerdlow,Fred C. Tenover,Marc S. Traeger,John W. Ward,Isaac B. Weisfuse,Steven T. Wiersma,Kevin Yeskey,Sherif R. Zaki,David A. Ashford,Bradley A. Perkins,Steve Ostroff,James M. Hughes,David W. Fleming,Jeffrey P. Koplan,Julie L. Gerberding +41 more
TL;DR: A national investigation was initiated to identify additional cases and determine possible exposures to Bacillus anthracis, and 22 cases of anthrax were identified; 5 of the inhalational cases were fatal.
Journal ArticleDOI
Identification of anthrax toxin genes in a Bacillus cereus associated with an illness resembling inhalation anthrax
Alex R. Hoffmaster,Jacques Ravel,David A. Rasko,Gail D. Chapman,Michael D. Chute,Chung K. Marston,Barun K. De,Claudio Tavares Sacchi,Collette Fitzgerald,Leonard W. Mayer,Martin C. J. Maiden,Fergus G. Priest,Margaret Barker,Lingxia Jiang,Regina Z. Cer,Jennifer Rilstone,Scott N. Peterson,Robbin S. Weyant,Darrell R. Galloway,Timothy D. Read,Tanja Popovic,Claire M. Fraser +21 more
TL;DR: A public health approach with genome analysis is combined to provide insight into the correlation of phenotypic characteristics and their genetic basis and represents an example of how genomics could rapidly assist public health experts responding not only to clearly identified select agents but also to novel agents with similar pathogenic potentials.
Journal ArticleDOI
Postexposure Prophylaxis against Experimental Inhalation Anthrax
Arthur M. Friedlander,Susan L. Welkos,Margaret L. Pitt,John W. Ezzell,Patricia L. Worsham,Kenneth J. Rose,Bruce E. Ivins,John R. Lowe,Gerald B. Howe,Perry Mikesell,Wade B. Lawrence +10 more
TL;DR: Protecting monkeys exposed to a lethal aerosol dose of Bacillus anthracis when the antibiotic was discontinued by combining postexposure antibiotic treatment with vaccination was provided.