Journal ArticleDOI
Aztec surface-relief volume diffractive structure
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TLDR
In this article, a new type of surface-relief diffractive structure called Aztec is discussed, which combines features of both off-axis and volume recording geometries, with the result being a phase-quantized, or terraced, surfacerelief pattern.Abstract:
Surface-relief diffractive optical elements made interferometrically typically are recorded with the off-axis technique, for which the fringe maxima lie on planes that are predominantly perpendicular to the recording surface and with an intensity variation that is sinusoidal. Such a structure can be readily replicated by mechanical means. Volume diffractive elements, on the other hand, which result from beams propagating in opposite directions, have fringe planes that are predominantly parallel to the surface and, as such, cannot be mechanically replicated. A new type of surface-relief diffractive structure called Aztec is discussed here; it combines features of both off-axis and volume recording geometries, with the result being a phase-quantized, or terraced, surface-relief pattern. The groove profile, instead of being sinusoidal, resembles a stepped pyramid. This structure has been replicated by metal mastering and molding into plastic in the same manner as conventional embossed surface-relief elements, but the diffraction characteristics are typical of volume phase reflective structures. Light of a given wavelength is resonantly diffracted from steps that are a half-wavelength apart and with a bandwidth that is inversely proportional to the number of steps. Color control has been achieved by overcoating the step structure with a clear dielectric that shifts the resonant wavelength to a new value, depending on the index of refraction of the dielectric. Information content is less for the single-layered, but stepped, Aztec structure than for the usual multilayered volume diffractive element. Deep Aztec stepped gratings have also been fabricated by optical lithography, using multiple-mask techniques.read more
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References
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Reconstructed Wavefronts and Communication Theory
Emmett N. Leith,Juris Upatnieks +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-step imaging process is described from a communication-theory viewpoint, which consists of three well-known operations: a modulation, a frequency dispersion, and a square-law detection.
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Diffraction analysis of dielectric surface-relief gratings
M. G. Moharam,Thomas K. Gaylord +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a dielectric surface-relief grating is analyzed using rigorous coupled-wave theory and the analysis applies to arbitrary grating profiles, groove depths, angles of incidence, and wavelengths.
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Ultraviolet Reflection of a Male Butterfly: Interference Color Caused by Thin-Layer Elaboration of Wing Scales
TL;DR: The male of the butterfly Eurema lisa, like many other members of the family Pieridae, reflect ultraviolet light, but the female lacks such scales and is consequently nonreflectant.
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Optical lithography
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a theoretical process model for positive photoresist, based on a set of measurable parameters, which can be used to calculate the response of photoresists to exposure and development in terms of image surface profiles.
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