Book ChapterDOI
Balancing Plasticity/Stability Across Brain Development
TLDR
Understanding why so many regulators exist, how they interact and, ultimately, how to lift them in noninvasive ways may hold the key to novel therapies and lifelong learning.Abstract:
The potency of the environment to shape brain function changes dramatically across the lifespan. Neural circuits exhibit profound plasticity during early life and are later stabilized. A focus on the cellular and molecular bases of these developmental trajectories has begun to unravel mechanisms, which control the onset and closure of such critical periods. Two important concepts have emerged from the study of critical periods in the visual cortex: (1) excitatory-inhibitory circuit balance is a trigger; and (2) molecular "brakes" limit adult plasticity. The onset of the critical period is determined by the maturation of specific GABA circuits. Targeting these circuits using pharmacological or genetic approaches can trigger premature onset or induce a delay. These manipulations are so powerful that animals of identical chronological age may be at the peak, before, or past their plastic window. Thus, critical period timing per se is plastic. Conversely, one of the outcomes of normal development is to stabilize the neural networks initially sculpted by experience. Rather than being passively lost, the brain's intrinsic potential for plasticity is actively dampened. This is demonstrated by the late expression of brake-like factors, which reversibly limit excessive circuit rewiring beyond a critical period. Interestingly, many of these plasticity regulators are found in the extracellular milieu. Understanding why so many regulators exist, how they interact and, ultimately, how to lift them in noninvasive ways may hold the key to novel therapies and lifelong learning.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity
Martin H. Teicher,Jacqueline A. Samson,Jacqueline A. Samson,Carl M. Anderson,Carl M. Anderson,Kyoko Ohashi,Kyoko Ohashi +6 more
TL;DR: This Review explores whether these alterations reflect toxic effects of early-life stress or potentially adaptive modifications, the relationship between psychopathology and brain changes, and the distinction between resilience, susceptibility and compensation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adolescence as a Sensitive Period of Brain Development
TL;DR: Rodent studies, neuroimaging, and large-scale behavioural studies in humans that have yielded data that are consistent with heightened neuroplasticity in adolescence are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons.
Kenneth A. Pelkey,Ramesh Chittajallu,Michael T. Craig,Ludovic Tricoire,Ludovic Tricoire,Jason C. Wester,Jason C. Wester,Chris J. McBain,Chris J. McBain +8 more
TL;DR: An overview of the current state of the field of interneuron research, focusing largely on the hippocampus, discusses recent advances related to the various cell types, including their development and maturation, expression of subtype-specific voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and their roles in network oscillations.
Journal ArticleDOI
On the Stability of BOLD fMRI Correlations
Timothy O. Laumann,Abraham Z. Snyder,Anish Mitra,Evan M. Gordon,Caterina Gratton,Babatunde Adeyemo,Adrian W. Gilmore,Steven M. Nelson,Jeffrey J. Berg,Deanna J. Greene,John E. McCarthy,Enzo Tagliazucchi,Helmut Laufs,Helmut Laufs,Bradley L. Schlaggar,Bradley L. Schlaggar,Bradley L. Schlaggar,Nico U.F. Dosenbach,Steven E. Petersen +18 more
TL;DR: It is confirmed that imposed task states can alter the correlation structure of BOLD activity, and it is found that observations of "dynamic" BOLD correlations during the resting state are largely explained by sampling variability.
Journal ArticleDOI
Critical Periods in Speech Perception: New Directions
Janet F. Werker,Takao K. Hensch +1 more
TL;DR: The literature on human speech perception development is reviewed within the context of this CP model, highlighting research that reveals the interplay of maturational and experiential influences at key junctures in development and presenting paradigmatic examples testing CP models in human subjects.
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