Bone loss and muscle atrophy in spinal cord injury: epidemiology, fracture prediction, and rehabilitation strategies.
Lora Giangregorio,Neil McCartney +1 more
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TLDR
A number of interventions, including standing, electrically stimulated cycling or resistance training, and walking exercises have been explored with the aim of reducing bone loss and/or increasing bone mass and muscle mass in individuals with spinal cord injury as mentioned in this paper.Abstract:
Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) often experience bone loss and muscle atrophy Muscle atrophy can result in reduced metabolic rate and increase the risk of metabolic disorders Sublesional osteoporosis predisposes individuals with SCI to an increased risk of low-trauma fracture Fractures in people with SCI have been reported during transfers from bed to chair, and while being turned in bed The bone loss and muscle atrophy that occur after SCI are substantial and may be influenced by factors such as completeness of injury or time postinjury A number of interventions, including standing, electrically stimulated cycling or resistance training, and walking exercises have been explored with the aim of reducing bone loss and/or increasing bone mass and muscle mass in individuals with SCI Exercise with electrical stimulation appears to increase muscle mass and/or prevent atrophy, but studies investigating its effect on bone are conflicting Several methodological limitations in exercise studies with individuals with SCI to date limit our ability to confirm the utility of exercise for improving skeletal status The impact of standing or walking exercises on muscle and bone has not been well established Future research should carefully consider the study design, skeletal measurement sites, and the measurement techniques used in order to facilitate sound conclusionsread more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Chronic complications of spinal cord injury.
TL;DR: Data is reviewed about common secondary long-term complications after SCI, including respiratory complications, cardiovascular complications, urinary and bowel complications, spasticity, pain syndromes, pressure ulcers, osteoporosis and bone fractures.
Journal ArticleDOI
Strains and stresses in sub-dermal tissues of the buttocks are greater in paraplegics than in healthy during sitting.
TL;DR: The findings support the hypothesis that internal tissue loads are significantly higher in paraplegics, and that postural changes significantly affect these loads, and help quantify the effectiveness of various interventions to alleviate sub-dermal tissue loads at sites susceptible to pressure ulcers and DTI.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bone and muscle loss after spinal cord injury: organ interactions
TL;DR: Adiposity and marrow fat are increased after SCI with intriguing, though poorly understood, implications for the function of skeletal muscle and bone cells.
Journal ArticleDOI
Role of Oxidative Stress as Key Regulator of Muscle Wasting during Cachexia.
Johanna Abrigo,Alvaro A. Elorza,Claudia A. Riedel,Claudia A. Riedel,Cristian Vilos,Felipe Simon,Felipe Simon,Daniel Cabrera,Lisbell D. Estrada,Claudio Cabello-Verrugio,Claudio Cabello-Verrugio +10 more
TL;DR: The importance of oxidative stress in skeletal muscles, its sources, and how it can regulate protein synthesis/degradation imbalance, autophagy deregulation, increased myonuclear apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction involved in cachexia are described.
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Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) on DXA evaluation in children and adolescents
Maria Luisa Bianchi,Sanford Baim,Nick Bishop,Catherine M. Gordon,Didier Hans,Craig B. Langman,Craig B. Langman,Mary B. Leonard,Heidi J. Kalkwarf +8 more
TL;DR: The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) organized a Pediatric Position Development Conference to discuss the specific problems of bone densitometry in growing subjects and to provide essential recommendations for its clinical use.
References
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Douglas E. Garland,Charles A. Stewart,Rodney H. Adkins,Serena S. Hu,Charles D. Rosen,Ferdinand J. Liotta,David A. Weinstein +6 more
TL;DR: Dual‐photon absorptiometry characterized bone loss in males aged <40 years after complete traumatic paraplegic and quadriplegic spinal cord injury and demonstrated early, rapid, linear decline of bone below the pelvis.
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Ann M. Spungen,Rodney H. Adkins,Charles A. Stewart,Jack Wang,Richard N. Pierson,Robert L. Waters,William A. Bauman +6 more
TL;DR: Person with SCI were fatter for any body mass index and demonstrated significantly less lean and more adipose tissues for any given age compared with controls.