Journal ArticleDOI
Brain macrophages stimulate neurite growth and regeneration by secreting thrombospondin
TLDR
The results suggest that brain macrophages contribute actively to neurite growth or regeneration during the development or in pathological contexts.Abstract:
The presence of macrophages in the developing or lesioned central nervous system (CNS) led us to study the influence of these cells on neuronal growth. Macrophages were isolated from embryonic rat brain and we observed that factors released in vitro by these cells stimulate neurite growth and regeneration of cultured CNS neurons. This effect was inhibited by antibodies directed against thrombospondin, an extracellular matrix protein that we found to be synthesized and released by brain macrophages. Immunodetection of thrombospondin in the adult rat brain lesioned by kainic acid confirmed the production of this protein by brain macrophages and indicated an early intraparenchymal accumulation of thrombospondin following injury. These results suggest that brain macrophages contribute actively to neurite growth or regeneration during the development or in pathological contexts.read more
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CNS Injury, Glial Scars, and Inflammation: Inhibitory extracellular matrices and regeneration failure
Michael T. Fitch,Jerry Silver +1 more
TL;DR: Other strategies for modulating inflammation and changing the make up of inhibitory molecules in the extracellular matrix are providing robust evidence that rehabilitation after spinal cord and brain injury has the potential to significantly change the outcome for what was once thought to be permanent disability.
Journal ArticleDOI
Microglia as neuroprotective, immunocompetent cells of the CNS
TL;DR: The fundamental interdependence of microglia and neurons is emphasized and the possibility of what could happen if microglial cells became dysfunctional as a result of aging, genetics, or epigenetics is looked at.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neuroglial activation repertoire in the injured brain: graded response, molecular mechanisms and cues to physiological function.
Gennadij Raivich,Marion Bohatschek,Christian U.A. Kloss,Alexander Werner,Leonard L. Jones,Georg W. Kreutzberg +5 more
TL;DR: Recent work in mice that are genetically deficient for different cytokines (MCSF, IL1, IL6, TNFalpha, TGFbeta1) has begun to shed light on the molecular signals that regulate this cellular response.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cytokines and CNS development.
TL;DR: The extensive and diverse requirements for properly regulated cytokine signaling during normal nervous system development revealed by these studies sets the foundation for ongoing and future work aimed at understanding how cytokines induced normally and pathologically during critical stages of fetal development alter nervous system function and behavior later in life.
Journal ArticleDOI
The role of microglia and macrophages in the pathophysiology of the CNS.
Guido Stoll,Sebastian Jander +1 more
TL;DR: There is increasing evidence that microglia play an active part in degenerative CNS diseases, in Alzheimer's disease activated microglian appear to be involved in plaque formation, and in experimental globoid cell dystrophy T-cell independent induction of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on microglio accelerates demyelination.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Regressive events in neurogenesis
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Characterization of ameboid microglia isolated from developing mammalian brain
D Giulian,TJ Baker +1 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that in vitro ameboid microglia differentiate into nonphagocytic cells similar to ramifiedmicroglia found in normal adult brain.
Journal Article
Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that microglia are the source of a neurocytotoxic-free radical is supported, and light is shed on an additional mechanism of immune-mediated brain injury.
Journal ArticleDOI
Functional plasticity of microglia: a review.
TL;DR: A role of CNS microglia as a source of defense cells in the CNS capable of carrying out certain immune functions autonomously is supported, which may lead to a redefinition of the often cited “immune privilege” of the brain.
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Immunohistochemical localization of macrophages and microglia in the adult and developing mouse brain.
TL;DR: The results provide strong support for the hypothesis that the microglia are derived from monocytes and show thatmicroglia possess receptors which would allow them to play a part in the immune defence of the nervous system.