COVID-19 vaccines - are we there yet?
TLDR
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, is a highly infectious human respiratory pathogen to which the global population had no prior immunity and is likely to cause significant morbidity until there is a broadly effective vaccine.Abstract:
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, is a highly infectious human respiratory pathogen to which the global population had no prior immunity. The virus will likely continue to cause significant morbidity until there is a broadly effective vaccine As of mid-December 2020, more than 200 COVID-19 vaccine candidates are in development and 11 have entered phase III clinical trials globally. All generate immunity to the viral spike glycoprotein Three vaccine candidates have agreements for procurement and use in Australia if efficacy and safety requirements are met - one protein-based vaccine, one vaccine using a simian-derived adenovirus vector and one messenger RNA vaccine. The latter two vaccines have published interim analyses and efficacy results of their phase III trials. The messenger RNA vaccine is being rolled out in the UK, USA and Canada Significant uncertainties remain. How well will some of those at highest risk of severe disease (such as older people aged >75 years and those with immunocompromising conditions) be protected by a vaccine, and for how long? Also, to what extent will vaccination protect against infection? This will determine the degree of indirect 'herd' protection needed through broad vaccine coverage of younger age groups.read more
Citations
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A snapshot global survey on side effects of COVID-19 vaccines among healthcare professionals and armed forces with a focus on headache.
Armando Perrotta,Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai,Wael Saade,Fabio Miraldi,Andrea Morelli,Antonino G.M. Marullo,Elena Cavarretta,Roberto Carnevale,Elena De Falco,Isotta Chimenti,Sebastiano Sciarretta,Paola Frati,Mamas A. Mamas,Sara Ciardi,Luigi Frati,Giacomo Frati,Mariangela Peruzzi +16 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines among healthcare professionals and armed forces personnel through a 38 closed-question international survey, which was distributed via e-mail or via Whatsapp to more than 500 contacts.
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Policy Stringency, Handwashing and COVID-19 cases: Evidence from Global dataset
TL;DR: In this paper , the effect of government policy stringency and handwashing on total daily reported COVID-19 cases was examined. But the effectiveness of these policy measures remains unclear in the academic literature.
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Policy Stringency, Handwashing and COVID-19 cases: Evidence from Global dataset
Haydarov Islomjon Hatamjon o'g'li,Janet Dzator,Alex O. Acheampong,Michael Dzator,Michael Dzator,Francesco Paolucci,Bruno L. Yawe,Emmanuel Ekow Asmah,Francis Kwaw Andoh,Allen Kabagenyi,James Gillespie +10 more
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of government policy stringency and handwashing on total daily reported COVID-19 cases was examined. And the authors suggest that policymakers should focus on raising awareness and full engagement of all members of society in implementing public health policies rather than using stringent lockdown measures.
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A comprehensive overview of vaccines developed for pandemic viral pathogens over the past two decades including those in clinical trials for the current novel SARS-CoV-2
Kannan Damodharan,Kannan Damodharan,Gandarvakottai Senthilkumar Arumugam,Suresh Ganesan,Mukesh Doble,Sathiah Thennarasu +5 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 can be found in this article, where the authors describe updated information on the various vaccines available over the last two decades, along with recent progress in the ongoing battle developing 63 diverse vaccines.
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Public Health Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia: The Role of the Morrison Government
TL;DR: The Australian Commonwealth government has four healthrelated responsibilities during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: to provide national leadership; to manage external borders; to protect residents of residential aged care facilities; and to approve, procure and roll-out tests and vaccines as mentioned in this paper .
References
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Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine.
Fernando P. Polack,Stephen J. Thomas,Nicholas Kitchin,Judith Absalon,Alejandra Gurtman,Stephen Lockhart,John L. Perez,Gonzalo Pérez Marc,Edson D. Moreira,Cristiano Zerbini,Ruth Bailey,Kena A. Swanson,Satrajit Roychoudhury,Kenneth Koury,Ping Li,Warren Kalina,David A. Cooper,Robert W. Frenck,Laura L. Hammitt,Özlem Türeci,Haylene Nell,Axel Schaefer,Serhat Ünal,Dina B. Tresnan,Susan Mather,Philip R. Dormitzer,Ugur Sahin,Kathrin U. Jansen,William C. Gruber +28 more
TL;DR: A two-dose regimen of BNT162b2 conferred 95% protection against Covid-19 in persons 16 years of age or older and safety over a median of 2 months was similar to that of other viral vaccines.
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Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.
Merryn Voysey,Clemens Sac.,Shabir A. Madhi,Lily Yin Weckx,P M Folegatti,Parvinder K. Aley,Brian Angus,Vicky L. Baillie,Shaun Barnabas,Q E Bhorat,S Bibi,Carmen Briner,P Cicconi,Andrea M. Collins,R Colin-Jones,Clare L. Cutland,Thomas C. Darton,Keertan Dheda,Duncan Cja.,Emary Krw.,Katie J. Ewer,Lee Fairlie,Saul N. Faust,Shuo Feng,Daniela M. Ferreira,Adam Finn,Anna Goodman,Catherine M. Green,Christopher A Green,Paul T. Heath,Christopher Hill,Helen Hill,Ian Hirsch,Hodgson Shc.,Allen Izu,S Jackson,D Jenkin,Joe Ccd.,S Kerridge,Anthonet Koen,Gaurav Kwatra,Rajeka Lazarus,Alison M. Lawrie,A Lelliott,Vincenzo Libri,Patrick J. Lillie,R Mallory,Mendes Ava.,Eveline Pipolo Milan,Angela M. Minassian,Alastair McGregor,Hazel Morrison,Y Mujadidi,Amit J Nana,P J O’Reilly,S D Padayachee,A Pittella,E Plested,Katrina M Pollock,M N Ramasamy,S Rhead,Alexandre Vargas Schwarzbold,Nisha Singh,Andrew Smith,R Song,Matthew D. Snape,Eduardo Sprinz,Rebecca K. Sutherland,R Tarrant,E. Thomson,M E Török,Mark Toshner,Turner Dpj.,Johan Vekemans,Tonya Villafana,Watson Mee.,C J Williams,Alexander D. Douglas,Hill Avs.,Teresa Lambe,Sarah C. Gilbert,Andrew J. Pollard +81 more
TL;DR: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials.
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An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report
Lisa A. Jackson,Evan J. Anderson,Nadine Rouphael,Paul C. Roberts,Mamodikoe Makhene,Rhea N. Coler,Michele Paine McCullough,James D. Chappell,Mark R. Denison,Laura J. Stevens,Andrea J. Pruijssers,Adrian B. McDermott,Britta Flach,Nicole A. Doria-Rose,Kizzmekia S. Corbett,Kaitlyn M. Morabito,Sijy O’Dell,Stephen D. Schmidt,Phillip A. Swanson,Marcelino Padilla,John R. Mascola,Kathleen M. Neuzil,Hamilton Bennett,Wellington Sun,Etza Peters,Mat Makowski,Jim Albert,Kaitlyn Cross,Wendy Buchanan,Rhonda Pikaart-Tautges,Julie E. Ledgerwood,Barney S. Graham,John H. Beigel +32 more
TL;DR: The mRNA-1273 vaccine induced anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in all participants, and no trial-limiting safety concerns were identified, which support further development of this vaccine.
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Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates.
Edward E. Walsh,Robert W. Frenck,Ann R. Falsey,Ann R. Falsey,Nicholas Kitchin,Judith Absalon,Alejandra Gurtman,Stephen Lockhart,Kathleen M. Neuzil,Mark J. Mulligan,Ruth Bailey,Kena A. Swanson,Ping Li,Kenneth Koury,Warren Kalina,David A. Cooper,Camila R. Fontes-Garfias,Pei Yong Shi,Özlem Türeci,Tompkins Kristin Rachael,Kirsten E. Lyke,Vanessa Raabe,Philip R. Dormitzer,Kathrin U. Jansen,Ugur Sahin,William C. Gruber +25 more
TL;DR: The safety and immunogenicity data from this U.S. phase 1 trial of two vaccine candidates in younger and older adults support the selection of BNT162b2 for advancement to a pivotal phase 2–3 safety and efficacy evaluation.
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Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed.
TL;DR: Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed An ideal vaccine platform would support development from viral sequencing to clinical trials in less than 16 weeks, demonstrate elicitation of consistency in clinical trials and support development of new vaccines at pandemic speed.