Open Access
Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: Recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain
Eric L. Schiffman,Gary C. Anderson,Jean-Paul Goulet,Peter Svensson,Frank Lobbezoo,Ambra Michelotti,Sharon L. Brooks,Werner Ceusters,Dominik A Ettlin,Louis J. Goldberg,Jennifer A. Haythornthwaite,Lars Hollender,Rigmor Jensen,Mike T. John,William Maixner,Marylee J van der Meulen,Greg M. Murray,Donald R. Nixdorf,Sandro Palla,Paul Pionchon,Barry Smith,Corine M. Visscher,Joanna M Zakrzewska,Samuel F. Dworkin +23 more
TLDR
In this article, the authors proposed a new RDC/TMD Axis I and Axis II diagnostic algorithms for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) intra-articular disorder.Abstract:
Aims: The original Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) Axis I diagnostic algorithms have been demonstrated to be reliable. However, the Validation Project determined that the RDC/TMD Axis I validity was below the target sensitivity of ≥ 0.70 and specificity of ≥ 0.95. Consequently, these empirical results supported the development of revised RDC/TMD Axis I diagnostic algorithms that were subsequently demonstrated to be valid for the most common pain-related TMD and for one temporomandibular joint (TMJ) intra-articular disorder. The original RDC/TMD Axis II instruments were shown to be both reliable and valid. Working from these findings and revisions, two international consensus workshops were convened, from which recommendations were obtained for the finalization of new Axis I diagnostic algorithms and new Axis II instruments. Methods: Through a series of workshops and symposia, a panel of clinical and basic science pain experts modified the revised RDC/TMD Axis I algorithms by using comprehensive searches of published TMD diagnostic literature followed by review and consensus via a formal structured process. The panel’s recommendations for further revision of the Axis I diagnostic algorithms were assessed for validity by using the Validation Project’s data set, and for reliability by using newly collected data from the ongoing TMJ Impact Project—the follow-up study to the Validation Project. New Axis II instruments were identified through a comprehensive search of the literature providing valid instruments that, relative to the RDC/TMD, are shorter in length, are available in the public domain, and currently are being used in medical settings. Results: The newly recommended Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) Axis I protocol includes both a valid screener for detecting any pain-related TMD as well as valid diagnostic criteria for differentiating the most common pain-related TMD (sensitivity ≥ 0.86, specificity ≥ 0.98) and for one intra-articular disorder (sensitivity of 0.80 and specificity of 0.97). Diagnostic criteria for other common intra-articular disorders lack adequate validity for clinical diagnoses but can be used for screening purposes. Inter-examiner reliability for the clinical assessment associated with the validated DC/TMD criteria for pain-related TMD is excellent (kappa ≥ 0.85). Finally, a comprehensive classification system that includes both the common and less common TMD is also presented. The Axis II protocol retains selected original RDC/TMD screening instruments augmented with new instruments to assess jaw function as well as behavioral and additional psychosocial factors. The Axis II protocol is divided into screening and comprehensive selfreport instrument sets. The screening instruments' 41 questions assess pain intensity, pain-related disability, psychological distress, jaw functional limitations, and parafunctional behaviors, and a pain drawing is used to assess locations of pain. The comprehensive instruments, composed of 81 questions, assess in further detail jaw functional limitations and psychological distress as well as additional constructs of anxiety and presence of comorbid pain conditions. Conclusion: The recommended evidence-based new DC/TMD protocol is appropriate for use in both clinical and research settings. More comprehensive instruments augment short and simple screening instruments for Axis I and Axis II. These validated instruments allow for identification of patients with a range of simple to complex TMD presentations. J Oral Facial Pain Headache 2014;28:6–27. doi: 10.11607/jop.1151read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version)
Jes Olesen,André Bes,Robert S. Kunkel,James W. Lance,Giuseppe Nappi,V Pfaffenrath,Frank Clifford Rose,Bruce S. Schoenberg,D. Soyka,Peer Tfelt-Hansen,K. Michael A. Welch,Marica Wilkinson,Marie-Germaine Bousser,Hans-Christoph Diener,David W. Dodick,Michael First,Peter J. Goadsby,Hartmut Göbel,Miguel J. A. Láinez,Richard B. Lipton,Fumihiko Sakai,Jean Schoenen,Stephen D. Silberstein,Timothy J. Steiner,Lars Bendtsen,Anne Ducros,Stefan Evers,Andrew D. Hershey,Zaza Katsarava,Morris Levin,Julio Pascual,Michael Bjørn Russell,Todd J. Schwedt,Cristina Tassorelli,Gisela M. Terwindt,Maurice Vincent,Shuu Jiun Wang,Andrew Charles,R. Lipton,Hayrunnisa Bolay,Michel Lantéri-Minet,E. A. Macgregor,T. Takeshima,Henrik Winther Schytz,S. Ashina,M. T. Goicochea,K. Hirata,Kenneth A. Holroyd,Christian Lampl,Dimos-Dimitrios Mitsikostas,P. Goadsby,C. Boes,C. Bordini,E. Cittadini,Andrew I. Cohen,M. Leone,A. May,L. Newman,J. Pareja,J. W. Park,T. Rozen,E. Waldenlind,Jong Ling Fuh,Aynur Özge,J. A. Pareja,Mario Fernando Prieto Peres,William B. Young,S. Y. Yu,Ishaq Abu-Arafeh,J. Gladstone,S. J. Huang,Rigmor Jensen,J.M. Láinez,D. Obelieniene,Peter S. Sandor,A. I. Scher,Marcel Arnold,Martin Dichgans,E. Houdart,José M. Ferro,Elizabeth Leroux,Y. S. Li,Aneesh B. Singhal,Gretchen E. Tietjen,Deborah I. Friedman,S. Kirby,B. Mokri,A. Purdy,K. Ravishankar,W. Schievink,R. Stark,F. Taylor,A. V. Krymchantowski,A. Tugrul,N. J. Wiendels,E. Marchioni,V. V. Osipova,Lidia Savi,J. R. Berger,Marcelo E. Bigal,J. González Menacho,Federico Mainardi,J. Pereira-Monteiro,M. Serrano-Dueñas,Roger Cady,C. Fernandez de las Peñas,Vincenzo Guidetti,J. Lance,Peter Svensson,Elizabeth Loder,A. E. Lake,Françoise Radat,J. I. Escobar,R. Benoliel,Claudia Sommer,A. Woda,Joanna M Zakrzewska,V. Aggarwal,L. Bonamico,Dominik A Ettlin,S. Graff-Radford,Jean-Paul Goulet,S. Jääskeläinen,Volker Limmroth,Ambra Michelotti,Donald R. Nixdorf,Mark Obermann,Richard Ohrbach,Paul Pionchon,Tara Renton,S. De Siqueira,Çiçek Wöber-Bingöl +131 more
TL;DR: The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3 edition (beta version), may be reproduced freely for scientific, educational or clinical uses by institutions, societies or individuals as mentioned in this paper. But the authors require the permission of the International Headache Society.
Journal ArticleDOI
A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11.
Rolf-Detlef Treede,Winfried Rief,Antonia Barke,Qasim Aziz,Michael I. Bennett,Rafael Benoliel,Milton Cohen,Stefan Evers,Nanna B. Finnerup,Michael B. First,Maria Adele Giamberardino,Stein Kaasa,Eva Kosek,Patricia Lavand'homme,Michael K. Nicholas,Serge Perrot,Joachim Scholz,Stephan A. Schug,Blair H. Smith,Peter Svensson,Peter Svensson,Johan W.S. Vlaeyen,Johan W.S. Vlaeyen,Shuu Jiun Wang +23 more
TL;DR: The IASP Task Force, which comprises pain experts from across the globe, has developed a new and pragmatic classification of chronic pain for the upcoming 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, termed “multiple parenting.”
Journal ArticleDOI
The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: Chronic primary pain
Michael K. Nicholas,Johan W.S. Vlaeyen,Johan W.S. Vlaeyen,Winfried Rief,Antonia Barke,Qasim Aziz,Rafael Benoliel,Milton Cohen,Stefan Evers,Maria Adele Giamberardino,Andreas Goebel,Beatrice Korwisi,Serge Perrot,Peter Svensson,Peter Svensson,Shuu Jiun Wang,Rolf-Detlef Treede,Rolf-Detlef Treede +17 more
TL;DR: The goal here is to create a classification that is useful in both primary care and specialized pain management settings for the development of individualized management plans, and to assist both clinicians and researchers by providing a more accurate description of each diagnostic category.
Journal ArticleDOI
Report of the NIH Task Force on research standards for chronic low back pain.
Richard A. Deyo,Samuel F. Dworkin,Dagmar Amtmann,Gunnar Andersson,David G. Borenstein,Eugene J. Carragee,John A. Carrino,Roger Chou,Karon F. Cook,Anthony Delitto,Christine Goertz,Partap S. Khalsa,John D. Loeser,Sean Mackey,James Panagis,James Rainville,Tor D. Tosteson,Dennis C. Turk,Michael Von Korff,Debra K. Weiner +19 more
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Overlapping Chronic Pain Conditions: Implications for Diagnosis and Classification.
William Maixner,William Maixner,Roger B. Fillingim,David R. Williams,Shad B. Smith,Shad B. Smith,Gary D. Slade +6 more
TL;DR: This brief review describes the concept of COPCs and the putative mechanisms underlying COPCs, a mechanism-based heuristic model is presented and current knowledge and evidence for COPCs are presented and a set of recommendations are provided to advance the understanding of COPs.
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The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version)
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TL;DR: The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3 edition (beta version), may be reproduced freely for scientific, educational or clinical uses by institutions, societies or individuals as mentioned in this paper. But the authors require the permission of the International Headache Society.
Journal ArticleDOI
The International Classification of Headache Disorders
TL;DR: The ICHD identifies and categorizes more than a hundred different kinds of headache in a logical, hierarchal system and has provided explicit diagnostic criteria for all of the headache disorders listed.
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