Journal ArticleDOI
Endophenotyping: a window to the pathophysiology of dystonia.
Sabine Meunier,Mark Hallett +1 more
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TLDR
It is shown that even relatively simple clinical testing is able to detect subclinical abnormal spatial discrimination capability (SDT) in unaffected relatives of patients with a genetic condition such as parkinsonism.Abstract:
Neuroimaging-based endophenotyping is becoming popular. The aim is to discover markers for altered CNS gene expression in nonmanifesting gene carriers for illnesses with reduced penetrance, preclinical gene carriers for illnesses with a late onset, and even healthy subjects with allelic variants possibly related to an increased susceptibility for development of given personality traits or psychiatric disorders. As examples, using PET and fMRI, imaging biomarkers have been described for the gene responsible for primary torsion dystonia (DYT1),1 for the Parkin gene mutation responsible for early-onset parkinsonism,2 and for allelic variants in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter implicated in abnormal level of anxiety.3 Neuroimaging endophenotyping is made possible by using highly specialized expensive equipment with well-trained experimenters. These studies cannot determine, however, whether the abnormal activity network associated with the gene is directly gene-related or part of a compensatory mechanism.
In this issue of Neurology , O’Dwyer et al.4 show that even relatively simple clinical testing is able to detect subclinical abnormal spatial discrimination capability (SDT) in unaffected relatives of patients with a genetic …read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Cortical and spinal abnormalities in psychogenic dystonia.
Alberto J. Espay,Francesca Morgante,Jamie Purzner,Carolyn Gunraj,Anthony E. Lang,Robert Chen,Robert Chen +6 more
TL;DR: The hypothesis that aberrant sensory input associated with abnormal posture may cause similar abnormalities by testing patients with psychogenic dystonia is tested.
Journal ArticleDOI
The anatomical basis of dystonia : current view using neuroimaging
Stéphane Lehéricy,Stéphane Lehéricy,Marina A. J. Tijssen,Marie Vidailhet,Ryuji Kaji,Sabine Meunier +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the knowledge that neuroimaging studies have provided to the understanding of the anatomy of dystonia and present the application of imaging as a tool to monitor therapy and its use as an outcome measure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Disordered plasticity in the primary somatosensory cortex in focal hand dystonia
TL;DR: In FHD, PAS transiently induced an abnormal increase in excitability in S 1 and intracortical inhibition in S1 was found to increase as well, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of dystonia.
Journal ArticleDOI
The prognosis of fixed dystonia: a follow-up study.
Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim,Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim,Davide Martino,B.P.C. van de Warrenburg,B.P.C. van de Warrenburg,Niall Quinn,Kailash P. Bhatia,Richard J. Brown,Michael R. Trimble,Anette Schrag +9 more
TL;DR: The findings revealed that the prognosis of this syndrome is poor, with improvement in less than 25% of patients, major remission in only 6% and continued worsening in a third, and of the baseline parameters, only CRPS predicted poorer outcome.
Journal ArticleDOI
The pathophysiology of focal hand dystonia
Peter Lin,Mark Hallett +1 more
TL;DR: Focal hand dystonia is a disabling movement disorder, often task specific, that leads to impaired hand use that may be linked to a genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors including repetitive use and musculoskeletal constraints.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Impaired sequence learning in carriers of the DYT1 dystonia mutation.
Maria Felice Ghilardi,Maren Carbon,Giulia Silvestri,Vijay Dhawan,Michele Tagliati,Susan B. Bressman,Claude Ghez,David Eidelberg +7 more
TL;DR: Findings suggest that abnormalities in motor behavior and brain function exist in clinically nonmanifesting DYT1 carriers, and that localized increases in neural activity may enable normal movement execution in these subjects, but this mechanism may not compensate for their defect in sequence learning.
Journal ArticleDOI
Abnormalities of spatial discrimination in focal and generalized dystonia
TL;DR: Findings of altered sensory processing in idiopathic focal but not generalized DYT1 dySTONia suggest both a primary pathophysiological role for the phenomenon in focal dystonia and divergent pathophysiology processes in the two conditions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Changes in brain anatomy in focal hand dystonia.
Gaëtan Garraux,Gaëtan Garraux,Andrew J. Bauer,Takashi Hanakawa,Tao Wu,Kenji Kansaku,Mark Hallett +6 more
TL;DR: A significant bilateral increase in gray matter in the hand representation area of primary somatosensory and, to a lesser extent, primary motor cortices in 36 patients with unilateral FHD compared with 36 controls suggests that these disturbances may be primary.
Journal ArticleDOI
Impaired Motor Learning in Mice Expressing TorsinA with the DYT1 Dystonia Mutation
Nutan Sharma,Mark G. Baxter,Jeremy Petravicz,D. Cristopher Bragg,Alonna Schienda,David G. Standaert,Xandra O. Breakefield +6 more
TL;DR: Data suggest that these transgenic mice provide a useful model of the ΔGAG carrier state that can be used to probe genetic and environmental factors that can trigger the dystonic state.
Journal ArticleDOI
Clinical presentation and management of antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin therapy.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to detect BT-AB by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and showed that ELISA has a low specificity and a low sensitivity for detection of BT.