Journal ArticleDOI
Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS.
Benjamin J. Park,Kathleen Wannemuehler,Barbara J. Marston,Nelesh P. Govender,Peter G. Pappas,Tom Chiller +5 more
TLDR
The first attempt to estimate the global burden of cryptococcal meningitis finds the number of cases and deaths to be very high, with most occurring in sub-Saharan Africa.Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: Cryptococcal meningitis is one of the most important HIV-related opportunistic infections especially in the developing world. In order to help develop global strategies and priorities for prevention and treatment it is important to estimate the burden of cryptococcal meningitis. DESIGN: Global burden of disease estimation using published studies. METHODS: We used the median incidence rate of available studies in a geographic region to estimate the region-specific cryptococcal meningitis incidence; this was multiplied by the 2007 United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS HIV population estimate for each region to estimate cryptococcal meningitis cases. To estimate deaths we assumed a 9% 3-month case-fatality rate among high-income regions a 55% rate among low-income and middle-income regions and a 70% rate in sub-Saharan Africa based on studies published in these areas and expert opinion. RESULTS: Published incidence ranged from 0.04 to 12% per year among persons with HIV. Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest yearly burden estimate (median incidence 3.2% 720 000 cases; range 144 000-1.3 million). Median incidence was lowest in Western and Central Europe and Oceania (</=0.1% each). Globally approximately 957 900 cases (range 371 700-1 544 000) of cryptococcal meningitis occur each year resulting in 624 700 deaths (range 125 000-1 124 900) by 3 months after infection. CONCLUSION: This study the first attempt to estimate the global burden of cryptococcal meningitis finds the number of cases and deaths to be very high with most occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Further work is needed to better define the scope of the problem and track the epidemiology of this infection in order to prioritize prevention diagnosis and treatment strategies.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections
Gordon D. Brown,David W. Denning,Neil A. R. Gow,Stuart M. Levitz,Mihai G. Netea,Theodore C. White +5 more
TL;DR: The importance of fungi as human pathogens is highlighted and the challenges the authors face in combating the devastating invasive infections caused by these microorganisms are discussed, in particular in immunocompromised individuals.
Journal ArticleDOI
Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america.
John R. Perfect,William E. Dismukes,Françoise Dromer,David L. Goldman,John R. Graybill,Richard J. Hamill,Thomas S. Harrison,Robert A. Larsen,Olivier Lortholary,Olivier Lortholary,Minh Hong Nguyen,Peter G. Pappas,William G. Powderly,Nina Singh,Jack D. Sobel,Tania C. Sorrell +15 more
TL;DR: Emphasis has been placed on potential complications in management of cryptococcal infection, including increased intracranial pressure, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), drug resistance, and cryptococcomas.
DatasetDOI
Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
TL;DR: The most recent version of the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections (OI) in HIV-infected adults and adolescents was published in 2002 and 2004, respectively as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: An updated analysis
Radha Rajasingham,Rachel M. Smith,Benjamin J. Park,Joseph N Jarvis,Nelesh P. Govender,Nelesh P. Govender,Nelesh P. Govender,Tom Chiller,David W. Denning,Angela Loyse,David R. Boulware +10 more
TL;DR: The analysis highlights the substantial ongoing burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal disease, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa, which is a metric of HIV treatment programme failure; timely HIV testing and rapid linkage to care remain an urgent priority.
Journal ArticleDOI
Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex.
Ferry Hagen,Kantarawee Khayhan,Bart Theelen,Anna Kolecka,Itzhack Polacheck,Edward Sionov,Edward Sionov,Rama Falk,Rama Falk,Sittiporn Parnmen,H. Thorsten Lumbsch,Teun Boekhout,Teun Boekhout +12 more
TL;DR: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry readily distinguishes the newly recognized species, which differ in aspects of pathogenicity, prevalence for patient groups, as well as biochemical and physiological aspects, such as susceptibility to antifungals.
References
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Journal Article
An overview on the 2008 UNAIDS Report on the 2008 UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic.
TL;DR: It is claimed that the Syrian government is planning to impose sanctions on Russia over its alleged role in the Syria- Ukraine conflict.
Journal ArticleDOI
Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis Associated with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
van der Horst Cm,Michael S. Saag,Gretchen A. Cloud,Richard J. Hamill,Graybill,Jack D. Sobel,Philip C. Johnson,Carmelita U. Tuazon,Thomas Kerkering,Bruce L. Moskovitz,William G. Powderly,William E. Dismukes +11 more
TL;DR: For the initial treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis, the use of higher-dose amphotericin B plus flucytosine is associated with an increased rate of cerebrospinal fluid sterilization and decreased mortality at two weeks, as compared with regimens used in previous studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Jonathan E. Kaplan,Debra L. Hanson,Mark S. Dworkin,Toni Frederick,Jeanne Bertolli,Mary Lou Lindegren,Scott D. Holmberg,Jeffrey L. Jones +7 more
TL;DR: The incidence of nearly all AIDS-defining opportunistic infections (OIs) decreased significantly in the United States during 1992-1998; decreases in the most common OIs were more pronounced in 1996-1998, during which time highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was introduced into medical care.
Journal ArticleDOI
HIV-associated neurologic disease incidence changes: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 1990–1998
Ned Sacktor,Robert H. Lyles,Richard L. Skolasky,C. Kleeberger,Ola A. Selnes,Eric N. Miller,James T. Becker,Bruce A. Cohen,Justin C. McArthur +8 more
TL;DR: The proportion of new cases of HIV dementia with a CD4 count in a higher range since 1996 may be increasing, and the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may be responsible.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Changing Epidemiology of Cryptococcosis: An Update from Population-Based Active Surveillance in 2 Large Metropolitan Areas, 1992–2000
Sara A. Mirza,Maureen Phelan,David Rimland,David Rimland,Edward A. Graviss,Richard J. Hamill,Richard J. Hamill,Mary E. Brandt,Tracie J. Gardner,Matthew Sattah,Gabriel Ponce de Leon,Wendy Baughman,Rana A. Hajjeh +12 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that HIV-infected persons who continue to develop cryptococcosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the United States are those with limited access to health care and more efforts are needed to expand the availability of HAART and routine HIV care services.