Journal ArticleDOI
Frontal Dysfunction and Frontal Cortical Synapse Loss in Alcoholism –The Main Cause of Alcohol Dementia?
Arne Brun,Jessica Andersson +1 more
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TLDR
A consistent pattern of synapse loss in the superior laminae of the frontal cortical area 10 of Brodman in heavy drinkers, not related to liver disease or possible previous mental disease, seems to be a plausible main cause of the alcoholic frontal symptomatology and alcoholic dementia.Abstract:
Alcoholics often develop personality and behavioural changes, social and personal neglect, confabulation, lack of insight, empathy and emotional control. Such symptoms would increase the risk of engagement in and exposure to acts of violence and criminal activities carrying a risk of physical damage including head trauma and violent death. This was the case in at least 4 of the studied cases. A structural basis for such frontal lobe symptoms was looked for in a forensic material of 18 alcoholics, compared with an age-matched control group with regard to liver disease, brain changes of the Wernicke-Korsakoff type and cortical, especially frontal cortical changes. The salient finding was a consistent pattern of synapse loss in the superior laminae of the frontal cortical area 10 of Brodman in heavy drinkers, not related to liver disease or possible previous mental disease. The synapse loss is more likely related to alcohol, possibly mediated through vitamin B deficiency. Brain stem lesions as a source of additional symptoms cannot be dismissed. This pattern of synapse loss in alcoholism has not been described previously. The cortical changes are closely similar to those found in frontotemporal dementia, and seem to be a plausible main cause of the alcoholic frontal symptomatology and alcoholic dementia.read more
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Nephrinuria in Diabetic Nephropathy of Type 1 Diabetes
TL;DR: Glomerular filtration barrier may be affected in one-third of diabetic patients manifesting as early nephrinuria, which may have prognostic value and become a marker of susceptibility for kidney complications in diabetes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Selective impairment of gene expression and assembly of nephrin in human diabetic nephropathy
Ariela Benigni,Elena Gagliardini,Susanna Tomasoni,Susanna Tomasoni,Mauro Abbate,Mauro Abbate,Piero Ruggenenti,Piero Ruggenenti,Raghu Kalluri,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Giuseppe Remuzzi +10 more
TL;DR: Down-regulation of nephrin and loss of the electron dense structure of slit diaphragm indicate a novel mechanism accounting for proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy.
Alcohol's Effects on the Brain: Neuroimaging Results in Humans and Animal Models.
TL;DR: MRI, DTI, and MRS findings in neurological disorders that commonly co-occur with alcoholism, including Wernicke’s encephalopathy, Korsakoff's syndrome, and hepaticEncephalopathy are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nephrotic Plasma Alters Slit Diaphragm–Dependent Signaling and Translocates Nephrin, Podocin, and CD2 Associated Protein in Cultured Human Podocytes
Richard J M Coward,Rebecca R. Foster,David Patton,Lan Ni,Rachel Lennon,David O. Bates,Steven J. Harper,Peter W. Mathieson,Moin A. Saleem +8 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that nephrotic plasma seems to be deficient in factors that act via the podocyte SD complex, which are essential in maintaining its physiologic function.
Journal ArticleDOI
Podocytes Are Firmly Attached to Glomerular Basement Membrane in Kidneys with Heavy Proteinuria
Anne-Tiina Lahdenkari,Kari Lounatmaa,Jaakko Patrakka,Christer Holmberg,Jorma Wartiovaara,Marjo Kestilä,Olli Koskimies,Hannu Jalanko +7 more
TL;DR: The results suggest that protein leakage in the two nephrotic syndromes studied occurs through defective podocyte slits, and the other structural alterations commonly seen in electron microscopy are secondary to, not a prerequisite for, the development of proteinuria.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Brain lesions in alcoholics. A neuropathological study with clinical correlations.
TL;DR: Among 8735 autopsies performed during a 5-year period at Ulleval Hospital in Oslo, there were 70 cases of Wernicke's encephalopathy and 152 cases of alcoholic cerebellar atrophy.
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The neuropathology of alcohol-specific brain damage, or does alcohol damage the brain?
TL;DR: Dendritic and synaptic changes have been documented in uncomplicated alcoholics and these, together with receptor and transmitter changes, may explain functional changes and cognitive deficits that precede the more severe structural neuronal changes.
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Reduced Cerebral Grey Matter Observed in Alcoholics Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Terry L. Jernigan,Nelson Butters,Nelson Butters,Gina M. Ditraglia,Kimberly Schafer,Thomas J. Smith,Michael R. Irwin,Michael R. Irwin,Igor Grant,Igor Grant,Marc A. Schuckit,Marc A. Schuckit,Laird S. Cermak,Laird S. Cermak +13 more
TL;DR: Although there was little evidence for relationships between performance on neuropsychological tests and volume of grey matter structures, significant correlations between some cognitive measures and subcortical and cortical fluid volumes were found.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chronic alcohol consumption does not cause hippocampal neuron loss in humans
Antony J. Harding,A. Wong,M.D Svoboda,Jillian J. Kril,Jillian J. Kril,Glenda M. Halliday,Glenda M. Halliday +6 more
TL;DR: The results do not support the theory that chronic alcohol consumption is neurotoxic to hippocampal pyramidal neurons in humans and suggest that changes observed in rodent models of alcoholism do not parallel those observed in humans, questioning the validity of such models.
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Neuronal counts from four cortical regions of alcoholic brains.
Jillian J. Kril,Clive Harper +1 more
TL;DR: The hypothesis of regional variations in the severity of cerebral cortical damage in alcoholism with shrinkage of neurons in most regions examined but neuronal loss only in the superior frontal gyrus is supported.