Journal ArticleDOI
Human immunodeficiency viruses.
John M. Coffin,Ashley T. Haase,Jay A. Levy,Luc Montagnier,Steven Oroszlan,Natalie M. Teich,Howard M. Temin,Kumao Toyoshima,Harold E. Varmus,Peter K. Vogt,Robin A. Weiss +10 more
TLDR
HIV-1 RNA load testing is sometimes requested to resolve equivocal serologic findings or to facilitate the diagnosis of HIV-1 infection during the acute phase or in a pediatric setting.Abstract:
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of AIDS. HIVs are enveloped plus-stranded RNA viruses. The HIV genome is organized similarly to other retroviruses. It contains the gag, pol, and env genes which encode structural proteins, viral enzymes, and envelope glycoproteins, respectively. The major structural proteins which are encoded by the gag gene include p17, p24, p7, and p9. Replication begins with the attachment of virus to the target cell via the interaction of gp120 and the cellular receptor CD4. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 have the same modes of transmission. The most common mode of HIV infection is sexual transmission at the genital mucosa through direct contact with infected blood fluids, including blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. Serological testing for HIV antibody is used for various purposes, including primary diagnosis, screening of blood products, management of untested persons in labor and delivery, evaluation of occupational exposures to blood/body fluid, and epidemiological surveillance. The first generation of HIV antibody assays relied on the detection of antibody to HIV viral protein lysates. A test using a sandwich-capture format and significantly more blood than other methods was more sensitive in early seroconversion. HIV-1 RNA load testing is sometimes requested to resolve equivocal serologic findings or to facilitate the diagnosis of HIV-1 infection during the acute phase or in a pediatric setting.read more
Citations
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Isolation of a T-lymphotropic virus from domestic cats with an immunodeficiency-like syndrome.
TL;DR: A highly T-lymphotropic virus was isolated from cats in a cattery in which all the animals were seronegative for feline leukemia virus, and appears to be antigenically distinct from human immunodeficiency virus.
Journal ArticleDOI
CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV infection in vitro by suppressing virus replication
TL;DR: A potential approach to therapy in which autologous CD8 lymphocytes could be administered to individuals to inhibit HIV replication and perhaps progression of disease is suggested.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
TL;DR: The observations indicate the major challenge of preventing infection by HIV appears to involve infection with a relatively low-virulence strain that remains sensitive to the immune response, particularly to control by CD8+ cell antiviral activity.
Journal ArticleDOI
pH-independent HIV entry into CD4-positive T cells via virus envelope fusion to the plasma membrane
B S Stein,B S Stein,S D Gowda,S D Gowda,Jeffrey D. Lifson,Jeffrey D. Lifson,Jeffrey D. Lifson,Robert C. Penhallow,Klaus G. Bensch,Edgar G. Engleman,Edgar G. Engleman,Edgar G. Engleman +11 more
TL;DR: It is indicated that HIV penetrates CD4-positive T cells via pH-independent membrane fusion through direct fusion of the virus envelope with the plasma membrane within minutes at 4 degrees C.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fine structure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and immunolocalization of structural proteins
TL;DR: The shell of the tubular core shows p24 antigenicity, while p17 is located at the inner leaflet of the lipid membrane, and the virus particle is studded with 70–80 protrusions.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi,J. C. Chermann,Félix A. Rey,Marie-Thérèse Nugeyre,S. Chamaret,Jacqueline Gruest,Charles Dauguet,Claudine Axler-Blin,F. Vézinet-Brun,Christine Rouzioux,Willy Rozenbaum,Luc Montagnier +11 more
TL;DR: From these studies it is concluded that this virus as well as the previous HTLV isolates belong to a general family of T-lymphotropic retroviruses that are horizontally transmitted in humans and may be involved in several pathological syndromes, including AIDS.
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The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus
Angus Dalgleish,Peter C. L. Beverley,Paul R. Clapham,Dorothy H. Crawford,Mel Greaves,Robin A. Weiss +5 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that the CD4 antigen is an essential and specific component of the receptor for the causative agent of AIDS.
Journal ArticleDOI
Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS
Robert C. Gallo,Syed Zaki Salahuddin,Mikulas Popovic,Gene M. Shearer,Mark H. Kaplan,Barton F. Haynes,Thomas J. Palker,Robert R. Redfield,James M. Oleske,Bijan Safai,Gilbert C. White,Paul Foster,Phillip D. Markham +12 more
TL;DR: Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or with signs or symptoms that frequently precede AIDS (pre-AIDS) were grown in vitro with added T-cell growth factor and assayed for the expression and release of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV).
Journal ArticleDOI
Detection, Isolation, and Continuous Production of Cytopathic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and Pre-AIDS
TL;DR: A cell system was developed for the reproducible detection of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV family) from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or with signs or symptoms that frequently precede AIDS (pre-AIDS), and it provides large amounts of virus for detailed molecular and immunological analyses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS
Jay A. Levy,Anthony D. Hoffman,Susan Mukavitz Kramer,Jill A. Landis,Joni Shimabukuro,Lyndon S. Oshiro +5 more
TL;DR: Antibodies to ARV were found in all 86 AIDS patients and in a high percentage of 88 other homosexual men in San Francisco, indicating the widespread presence of these lymphocytopathic retroviruses and their close association with AIDS.