Immunization against anthrax with aromatic compound-dependent (Aro-) mutants of Bacillus anthracis and with recombinant strains of Bacillus subtilis that produce anthrax protective antigen.
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The safety and efficacy of five prototype live anthrax vaccines were studied in Hartley guinea pigs and CBA/J and A/J mice as mentioned in this paper, and the results showed that immunization with Bacillus subtilis PA1 or PA2 vegetative cells or PA7 spores protected greater than or equal to 95% from an intramuscular spore challenge with the virulent, "vaccine-resistant" B. anthracis Ames strain.Abstract:
The safety and efficacy of five prototype, live anthrax vaccines were studied in Hartley guinea pigs and CBA/J and A/J mice. Two of the strains, Bacillus anthracis FD111 and FD112, are Aro- mutants derived by Tn916 mutagenesis of B. anthracis UM23-1. Bacillus subtilis PA1 and PA2 contain a recombinant plasmid, pPA101 or pPA102, respectively, that carries the gene from B. anthracis encoding synthesis of protective antigen (PA). The final strain, B. subtilis PA7, was isolated in this study from B. subtilis DB104 transformed with pPA101. All five strains were less virulent in guinea pigs and A/J and CBA/J mice than the toxinogenic, nonencapsulated B. anthracis veterinary vaccine Sterne strain. A/J and CBA/J inbred mice represent strains that are innately susceptible and resistant, respectively, to the Sterne strain. These differences in susceptibility are due to differences in ability to produce complement component 5. In guinea pigs, immunization with PA1 or PA2 vegetative cells or PA7 spores protected greater than or equal to 95% from an intramuscular spore challenge with the virulent, "vaccine-resistant" B. anthracis Ames strain. Strain PA2 vegetative cells and strain PA7 spores were as effective as the Sterne strain in Sterne-resistant CBA/J mice, protecting 70% of the mice from Ames strain spore challenge. Immunization with FD111 or FD112 vegetative cells fully protected guinea pigs from challenge. Immunization with FD111 cells protected up to 100% of CBA/J mice and up to 70% of A/J mice.read more
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Binary Bacterial Toxins: Biochemistry, Biology, and Applications of Common Clostridium and Bacillus Proteins
TL;DR: This review comprehensively surveys the literature and discusses the similarities and distinct differences between each Clostridium and Bacillus binary toxin in terms of their biochemistry, biology, genetics, structure, and applications in science and medicine.
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Postexposure Prophylaxis against Experimental Inhalation Anthrax
Arthur M. Friedlander,Susan L. Welkos,Margaret L. Pitt,John W. Ezzell,Patricia L. Worsham,Kenneth J. Rose,Bruce E. Ivins,John R. Lowe,Gerald B. Howe,Perry Mikesell,Wade B. Lawrence +10 more
TL;DR: Protecting monkeys exposed to a lethal aerosol dose of Bacillus anthracis when the antibiotic was discontinued by combining postexposure antibiotic treatment with vaccination was provided.
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Anthrax vaccines: past, present and future.
TL;DR: Most livestock vaccines in use throughout the world today for immunization against anthrax are derivatives of the live spore vaccine formulated by Sterne in 1937 and still use descendants of his strain 34F2, and room for development of a successor is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Attenuation of and protection induced by a leucine auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mary K. Hondalus,Stoyan Bardarov,Robert G. Russell,John Chan,William R. Jacobs,Barry R. Bloom +5 more
TL;DR: Attenuated mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosisrepresent potential vaccine candidates for the prevention of tuberculosis and challenge can be achieved with a leucine auxotroph and it is suggested that to induce optimal protection, attenuated strains of M. tuberculosis should persist long enough and be sufficiently metabolically active to synthesize relevant antigens for an extended period of time.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparative efficacy of experimental anthrax vaccine candidates against inhalation anthrax in rhesus macaques.
Bruce E. Ivins,Margaret L. Pitt,P.F. Fellows,Joseph Farchaus,G. E. Benner,David M. Waag,Stephen F. Little,G.W. Anderson,Paul H. Gibbs,Arthur M. Friedlander +9 more
TL;DR: The authors examined the efficacy of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) combined with adjuvants as vaccines against an aerosol challenge of virulent anthrax spores in rhesus macaques.
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