Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation
TLDR
In this article, the authors explored the physiological basis for exogenous ketone supplementation and potential benefits for performance and recovery in athletes, and found that the ability to utilise ketone bodies is higher in exercise-trained skeletal muscle.Abstract:
Optimising training and performance through nutrition strategies is central to supporting elite sportspeople, much of which has focused on manipulating the relative intake of carbohydrate and fat and their contributions as fuels for energy provision. The ketone bodies, namely acetoacetate, acetone and β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), are produced in the liver during conditions of reduced carbohydrate availability and serve as an alternative fuel source for peripheral tissues including brain, heart and skeletal muscle. Ketone bodies are oxidised as a fuel source during exercise, are markedly elevated during the post-exercise recovery period, and the ability to utilise ketone bodies is higher in exercise-trained skeletal muscle. The metabolic actions of ketone bodies can alter fuel selection through attenuating glucose utilisation in peripheral tissues, anti-lipolytic effects on adipose tissue, and attenuation of proteolysis in skeletal muscle. Moreover, ketone bodies can act as signalling metabolites, with βHB acting as an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, an important regulator of the adaptive response to exercise in skeletal muscle. Recent development of ketone esters facilitates acute ingestion of βHB that results in nutritional ketosis without necessitating restrictive dietary practices. Initial reports suggest this strategy alters the metabolic response to exercise and improves exercise performance, while other lines of evidence suggest roles in recovery from exercise. The present review focuses on the physiology of ketone bodies during and after exercise and in response to training, with specific interest in exploring the physiological basis for exogenous ketone supplementation and potential benefits for performance and recovery in athletes.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
On the Metabolism of Exogenous Ketones in Humans.
Brianna J. Stubbs,Pete J. Cox,Rhys D. Evans,Peter Santer,Jack J. Miller,Olivia K. Faull,Snapper Magor-Elliott,Satoshi Hiyama,Matthew John Stirling,Kieran Clarke +9 more
TL;DR: Exogenous ketone drinks are concluded to be a practical, efficacious way to achieve ketosis and had similar effects on blood electrolytes, which remained normal.
Journal ArticleDOI
Time of Exercise Specifies the Impact on Muscle Metabolic Pathways and Systemic Energy Homeostasis
Shogo Sato,Astrid L. Basse,Milena Schönke,Siwei Chen,Muntaha Samad,Ali Altıntaş,Rhianna C. Laker,Emilie Dalbram,Romain Barrès,Pierre Baldi,Jonas T. Treebak,Juleen R. Zierath,Juleen R. Zierath,Paolo Sassone-Corsi +13 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the time of day is a critical factor to amplify the beneficial impact of exercise on both metabolic pathways within skeletal muscle and systemic energy homeostasis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Salt-Responsive Metabolite, β-Hydroxybutyrate, Attenuates Hypertension.
Saroj Chakraborty,Sarah Galla,Xi Cheng,Jiyoun Yeo,Blair Mell,Vishal Singh,Beng San Yeoh,Piu Saha,Anna V. Mathew,Matam Vijay-Kumar,Bina Joe +10 more
TL;DR: The juxtaposed effects of dietary salt and exercise on salt-sensitive hypertension, which decrease and increase βOHB respectively, indicate that nutritional supplementation of a precursor ofβOHB provides a similar benefit to salt- sensitive hypertension as exercise.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ketone Diester Ingestion Impairs Time-Trial Performance in Professional Cyclists
Jill J. Leckey,Megan L. Ross,Megan L. Ross,Marc J. Quod,John A. Hawley,John A. Hawley,Louise M. Burke,Louise M. Burke +7 more
TL;DR: Serum β-hydroxybutyrate, serum acetoacetate, and urine ketone concentrations increased from rest following ketone ingestion and were higher than placebo throughout the trial.
Journal ArticleDOI
Metabolite Concentration Changes in Humans After a Bout of Exercise: a Systematic Review of Exercise Metabolomics Studies
Daniela Schranner,Gabi Kastenmüller,Martin Schönfelder,Werner Römisch-Margl,Henning Wackerhage +4 more
TL;DR: Across different exercise modes and in different subjects, exercise often consistently changes the average concentrations of metabolites that belong to energy metabolism and other branches of metabolism.
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