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ML212: A small-molecule probe for investigating fluconazole resistance mechanisms in Candida albicans

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TLDR
The National Institutes of Health Molecular Libraries and Probe Production Centers Network (NIH-MLPCN) screened >300,000 compounds to evaluate their ability to restore fluconazole susceptibility in resistant Candida albicans isolates and initial investigation of structure–activity relationships led to the discovery of ML212.
Abstract
The National Institutes of Health Molecular Libraries and Probe Production Centers Network (NIH-MLPCN) screened >300,000 compounds to evaluate their ability to restore fluconazole susceptibility in resistant Candida albicans isolates. Additional counter screens were incorporated to remove substances inherently toxic to either mammalian or fungal cells. A substituted indazole possessing the desired bioactivity profile was selected for further development, and initial investigation of structure-activity relationships led to the discovery of ML212.

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Targeting efflux pumps to overcome antifungal drug resistance

TL;DR: Drug discovery targeting fungal efflux pumps could result in the development of azole-enhancing combination therapy, and a variety of medium- and high-throughput screens have been used to identify a number of chemical entities that inhibit fungalefflux pumps.
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Quercetin Sensitizes Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans To Induce Apoptotic Cell Death by Modulating Quorum Sensing

TL;DR: Results show that at much lower concentrations, quercetin (QC), a dietary flavonoid isolated from an edible lichen, can be implemented as a sensitizing agent for FCZ-resistant C. albicans NBC099, enhancing the efficacy of FCZ.
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Promising antifungal agents: A minireview.

TL;DR: This review discusses the various methodology of drug design, structure activity relationships (SARs), and mode of action of variety of new antifungal agents.
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Synergistic Effects and Mechanisms of Budesonide in Combination with Fluconazole against Resistant Candida albicans.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated, for the first time, that the combination of fluconazole and budesonide can reverse the resistance of Candida albicans by inhibiting the function of drug transporters, reducing the formation of biofilms, promoting apoptosis and inhibitors the activity of extracellular phospholipases.
Journal ArticleDOI

Antifungal effects of indolicidin-conjugated gold nanoparticles against fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida albicans isolated from patients with burn infection.

TL;DR: Investigation of anticandidal effects of indolicidin, as a representative of host defense peptide, conjugated with gold nanoparticles in fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans indicated that the nanocomplex was nontoxic for the fibroblast cells and erythrocytes.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem

TL;DR: Improved non-culture-based diagnostics are needed to expand the potential for preemptive (or early directed) therapy and improve diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies is necessary to reduce the considerable morbidity and mortality associated with IC.
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The changing epidemiology of resistance.

TL;DR: Some of the new mechanisms and recent trends in the global spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria are reviewed, with the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus blurring the distinction between hospital and community strains.
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Resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents: molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences

TL;DR: Recent large-scale surveys of yeasts isolated from blood cultures, based on standardised methodology and resistance definitions, do not support the view that antifungal resistance in pathogenic yeasts constitutes a significant or growing therapeutic problem.
Journal ArticleDOI

Hsp90 potentiates the rapid evolution of new traits: drug resistance in diverse fungi.

TL;DR: Hsp90 can act in diverse ways to couple environmental contingency to the emergence and fixation of new traits, and during selection in a human host, drug resistance that was initially Hsp90-dependent evolved toward independence.
Journal ArticleDOI

Antifungal resistance and new strategies to control fungal infections.

TL;DR: It appears that major mechanisms of resistance are essential due to the deregulation of antifungal resistance effector genes, which is a consequence of point mutations occurring in transcriptional regulators of theseEffector genes.
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