Book ChapterDOI
Nutrition and Functions of Amino Acids in Fish.
Xinyu Li,Shixuan Zheng,Guoyao Wu +2 more
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TLDR
In this paper, the digestibility and bioavailability of AAs should be carefully evaluated because feed production processes and AA degradation in the gut affect the amounts of dietary AAs that enter the blood circulation.Abstract:
Aquaculture is increasingly important for providing humans with high-quality animal protein to improve growth, development and health. Farm-raised fish and shellfish now exceed captured fisheries for foods. More than 70% of the production cost is dependent on the supply of compound feeds. A public debate or concern over aquaculture is its environmental sustainability as many fish species have high requirements for dietary protein and fishmeal. Protein or amino acids (AAs), which are the major component of tissue growth, are generally the most expensive nutrients in animal production and, therefore, are crucial for aquatic feed development. There is compelling evidence that an adequate supply of both traditionally classified nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) and non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) in diets improve the growth, development and production performance of aquatic animals (e.g., larval metamorphosis). The processes for the utilization of dietary AAs or protein utilization by animals include digestion, absorption and metabolism. The digestibility and bioavailability of AAs should be carefully evaluated because feed production processes and AA degradation in the gut affect the amounts of dietary AAs that enter the blood circulation. Absorbed AAs are utilized for the syntheses of protein, peptides, AAs, and other metabolites (including nucleotides); biological oxidation and ATP production; gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis; and the regulation of acid-base balance, anti-oxidative reactions, and immune responses. Fish producers usually focus on the content or digestibility of dietary crude protein without considering the supply of AAs in the diet. In experiments involving dietary supplementation with AAs, inappropriate AAs (e.g., glycine and glutamate) are often used as the isonitrogenous control. At present, limited knowledge is available about either the cell- and tissue-specific metabolism of AAs or the effects of feed processing methods on the digestion and utilization of AAs in different fish species. These issues should be addressed to develop environment-friendly aquafeeds and reduce feed costs to sustain the global aquaculture.read more
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Book ChapterDOI
Oxidation of Energy Substrates in Tissues of Fish: Metabolic Significance and Implications for Gene Expression and Carcinogenesis.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that AAs contribute to about 80% of ATP production in the liver, proximal intestine, kidney, and skeletal muscle tissue of the fish.
Book ChapterDOI
Interorgan Metabolism, Nutritional Impacts, and Safety of Dietary L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Poultry.
Wenliang He,Kyohei Furukawa,Kyohei Furukawa,Masaaki Toyomizu,Tomonori Nochi,C. A. Bailey,Guoyao Wu +6 more
TL;DR: In the chicken, L-glutamine (Gln) is the most abundant amino acid (AA) in the plasma and skeletal muscle of poultry, and Lglutamate (Glu) is among the most abundantly abundant AAs in the whole bodies of all avian tissues.
Journal ArticleDOI
The “ideal protein” concept is not ideal in animal nutrition
Guoyao Wu,Peng Li +1 more
TL;DR: Nutritionalists should move beyond the “ideal protein” concept to consider optimum ratios and amounts of all proteinogenic AAs in diets for mammals, birds, and aquatic animals, and, in the case of carnivores, also taurine.
Journal ArticleDOI
Functional Molecules of Intestinal Mucosal Products and Peptones in Animal Nutrition and Health.
TL;DR: There is growing interest in the use of intestinal mucosal products and peptones (partial protein hydrolysates) to enhance the food intake, growth, development, and health of animals.
Journal ArticleDOI
Optimization of Yeast Cultivation Factors for Improved SCP Production
TL;DR: This review article focuses on the yeast biomass yield and protein content increase strategies, which is impossible without understanding metabolic pathways and switching mechanisms, and discusses optimization strategies for protein-enriched yeast biomass production.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition.
TL;DR: In this paper, an optimal nutritional countermeasure against space radiation-induced cytotoxicity is designed for the biological safety of astronauts, where a large body of the literature supports the notion that dietary antioxidants are useful radioprotectors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition
TL;DR: Dietary supplementation with one or a mixture of these functional AA, which include arginine, cysteine, glutamine, leucine, proline, and tryptophan, may be beneficial for ameliorating health problems at various stages of the life cycle and optimizing efficiency of metabolic transformations to enhance muscle growth, milk production, egg and meat quality and athletic performance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish
TL;DR: The use of plant-derived materials such as legume seeds, different types of oilseed cake, leaf meals, leaf protein concentrates, and root tuber meals as fish feed ingredients is limited by the presence of a wide variety of antinutritional substances.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects
Albert G. J. Tacon,Marc Metian +1 more
TL;DR: The finfish and crustacean aquaculture sector is still highly dependent upon marine capture fisheries for sourcing key dietary nutrient inputs, including fish meal and fish oil, which is particularly strong within compound aquafeeds for farmed carnivorous finfish species and marine shrimp.
Journal ArticleDOI
T2Rs function as bitter taste receptors.
Jayaram Chandrashekar,Ken Mueller,Mark A. Hoon,Elliot Adler,Luxin Feng,Wei Guo,Charles S. Zuker,Nicholas J. P. Ryba +7 more
TL;DR: A heterologous expression system is used to show that specific T2Rs function as bitter taste receptors, and these findings provide a plausible explanation for the uniform bitter taste that is evoked by many structurally unrelated toxic compounds.