Journal ArticleDOI
On the Existence of Storm-Tracks.
Brian J. Hoskins,Paul J. Valdes +1 more
TLDR
In this paper, the existence and possible self-maintenance of storm-tracks is investigated using a linear, stationary wave model with storm-track region forcings taken from data averaged over a number of winters.Abstract:
Given that middle latitude weather systems transport heat in a manner such as to weaken the baroclinicity that is thought to be crucial to their growth, it is perhaps surprising that concentrated regions of such eddy activity, i.e. storm-tracks, are found in the Northern Hemisphere winter. The existence and possible self-maintenance of storm-tracks is investigated using a linear, stationary wave model with storm-track region forcings taken from data averaged over a number of winters. It is found that the direct thermal effect of the eddies does indeed act against the existence of the storm-track. Their vorticity fluxes lead to some reduction of this effect. It is argued that the mean diabatic heating in the storm-track region is an indirect eddy effect. This heating is found to maintain the mean maximum in baroclinicity in the region. Further, the mean low-level flow induced by the eddy effects is such as to enhance the warm western oceanic boundary currents that are crucial to the existence of t...read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures
Kevin E. Trenberth,Grant Branstator,David J. Karoly,Arun Kumar,Ngar-Cheung Lau,Chester Ropelewski +5 more
TL;DR: A review of tropical-extratropical teleconnections with a focus on developments over the Tropical Oceans-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) decade and the current state of understanding can be found in this article.
Journal ArticleDOI
Present-day South American climate
TL;DR: In this paper, the main features of the climate and climate variability over South America, on the basis of instrumental observations gathered during the 20th century, are described and a basic physical understanding of the mean annual cycle of the precipitation and atmospheric circulation over the continent and the adjacent oceans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere
TL;DR: The Gulf Stream is the upper limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, which has varied in strength in the past and is predicted to weaken in response to human-induced global warming in the future.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Comparison of the ECMWF, MSC, and NCEP Global Ensemble Prediction Systems
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the performance of three ensemble prediction systems, namely, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), for a 3-month period between May and July 2002.
Journal ArticleDOI
Air–sea interaction over ocean fronts and eddies
Richard Justin Small,Richard Justin Small,S. P. deSzoeke,S. P. deSzoeke,Shang-Ping Xie,Larry W. O'Neill,Larry W. O'Neill,Hyodae Seo,Hyodae Seo,Q. Song,Q. Song,Peter Cornillon,Michael A. Spall,Shoshiro Minobe +13 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the physical processes that lie behind the interaction of sharp SST gradients and the overlying marine atmospheric boundary layer and deeper atmosphere, using high-resolution satellite data, field data and numerical models, are examined.
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