Journal ArticleDOI
Path loss, delay spread, and outage models as functions of antenna height for microcellular system design
TLDR
The results presented in this paper provide insight into the statistical distributions of measured path loss by showing the validity of a double regression model with a break point at a distance that has first Fresnel zone clearance for line-of-sight topographies.Abstract:
This paper presents results of wide-band path loss and delay spread measurements for five representative microcellular environments in the San Francisco Bay area at 1900 MHz. Measurements were made with a wide-band channel sounder using a 100-ns probing pulse. Base station antenna heights of 3.7 m, 8.5 m, and 13.3 m were tested with a mobile receiver antenna height of 1.7 m to emulate a typical microcellular scenario. The results presented in this paper provide insight into the statistical distributions of measured path loss by showing the validity of a double regression model with a break point at a distance that has first Fresnel zone clearance for line-of-sight topographies. The variation of delay spread as a function of path loss is also investigated, and a simple exponential overbound model is developed. The path loss and delay spread models are then applied to communication system design allowing outage probabilities, based on path loss or delay spread, to be estimated for a given microcell size. >read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Channel Models for Future Wireless Communication System Design
TL;DR: Experimental measurements and empirically-based propagation channel models for the 28, 38, 60, and 73 GHz mmWave bands are presented, using a wideband sliding correlator channel sounder with steerable directional horn antennas at both the transmitter and receiver from 2011 to 2013.
Journal ArticleDOI
Overview of Millimeter Wave Communications for Fifth-Generation (5G) Wireless Networks—With a Focus on Propagation Models
Theodore S. Rappaport,Yunchou Xing,George R. MacCartney,Andreas F. Molisch,Evangelos Mellios,Jianhua Zhang +5 more
TL;DR: Propagation parameters and channel models for understanding mmWave propagation, such as line-of-sight (LOS) probabilities, large-scale path loss, and building penetration loss, as modeled by various standardization bodies are compared over the 0.5–100 GHz range.
Journal ArticleDOI
Overview of spatial channel models for antenna array communication systems
TL;DR: This tutorial reviews the key concepts in spatial channel modeling and presents emerging approaches, and reviews the research issues in developing and using spatial channel models for adaptive antennas.
Journal ArticleDOI
A survey of various propagation models for mobile communication
TL;DR: An impulse-response characterization for the propagation path is presented, including models for small-scale fading, and it is shown that when two-way communication ports can be defined for a mobile system, it is possible to use reciprocity to focus the energy along the direction of an intended user without any explicit knowledge of the electromagnetic environment in which the system is operating.
Journal ArticleDOI
Broadband Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Models Using Adaptive-Beam Antennas for Outdoor Urban Cellular Communications
Theodore S. Rappaport,Felix Gutierrez,Eshar Ben-Dor,James N. Murdock,Yijun Qiao,Jonathan I. Tamir +5 more
TL;DR: Measurements and models that may be used to design future fifth-generation millimeter-wave cellular networks are provided and insight into antenna beam steering algorithms for these systems are given.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Radio propagation characteristics for line-of-sight microcellular and personal communications
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive measurement program was conducted by Telesis Technologies Laboratory (TTL) in the San Francisco Bay area using three base station antenna heights of 3.2 m, 8.7 m, and 13.4 m and two frequencies at 900 MHz and 1900 MHz.
Journal ArticleDOI
UHF fading in factories
TL;DR: The extensive empirical data indicate that path loss is dependent upon local surroundings and is log-normally distributed, temporal fading is Rician, and small-scale signal fluctuations due to receiver motion are primarily Rayleigh, although Rician and log-normal distributions fit some of the data.
Journal ArticleDOI
Radio propagation at microwave frequencies for line-of-sight microcellular mobile and personal communications
TL;DR: In this paper, a propagation experiment has been designed and conducted at 900 MHz and 11 GHz to characterize microcell channels using various antennas at two distinct frequencies, and it was found that propagation in rural areas is dominated by interference between the direct, line-of-sight ray and a specular roadway-reflected ray.
Journal ArticleDOI
800-MHz attenuation measured in and around suburban houses
TL;DR: These measurements are needed in refining the requirements for portable-radio communication systems that can accommodate low-power radiotelephone sets and large-scale distributions of the small-scale signal medians are approximately log normal.
Journal ArticleDOI
Time delay spread and signal level measurements of 850 MHz radio waves in building environments
TL;DR: In this paper, the time delay spread and signal level measurements of 850 MHz radio signals were made over inside-to-outside radio paths at two residential locations and an office building.