Journal ArticleDOI
Stability of RNA in developing Xenopus embryos and identification of a destabilizing sequence in TFIIIA messenger RNA.
Richard M. Harland,L. Misher +1 more
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TLDR
It is concluded that most RNAs are degraded exonucleolytically from the 3' end, but specialized internal sequences can greatly destabilize the RNA, possibly by acting as a site for an endonuclease.Abstract:
Synthetic capped RNA transcripts injected into fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis have a half-life of 3-4 h. Addition of a long (approximately 200 nucleotide) poly(A) tail increases the half-life to 6-8 h which approaches the half-life of natural polyadenylated globin RNA injected into embryos. Since exonucleolytic action alone could account for the degradation of RNA, we tested whether circular RNA is stable after injection and find that circles are exceptionally stable (half-life greater than 40 h). After the midblastula transition, polyadenylated chloramphenicol transferase (CAT) mRNAs transcribed from injected plasmids have a half-life of 2.5 h. Insertion of a 1000 nucleotide 3' untranslated region from the Xhox-36 gene into the transcripts does not affect the half-life. In contrast to the finding that internal sequences do not affect stability, we find that sequences from the TFIIIA message reduce the half-life of CAT mRNA from 2.5 h to less than 30 min. We conclude that most RNAs are degraded exonucleolytically from the 3' end, but specialized internal sequences can greatly destabilize the RNA, possibly by acting as a site for an endonuclease.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
mRNA stability in mammalian cells.
TL;DR: This review concerns how cytoplasmic mRNA half-lives are regulated and how mRNA decay rates influence gene expression and techniques for measuring eukaryotic mRNA stability and for calculating decay constants.
Journal ArticleDOI
Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation
Kristen L. Kroll,Enrique Amaya +1 more
TL;DR: A simple approach for large-scale transgenesis in Xenopus laevis embryos is developed and used to identify in vivo requirements for FGF signaling during gastrulation and, by contrast, embryos expressing XFD contain well-patterned nervous systems despite a putative role for F GF in neural induction.
Journal ArticleDOI
Xenopus embryos regulate the nuclear localization of XMyoD.
TL;DR: This work postulates that XMyoD is under negative control in frog embryos, but because of slight sequence differences, mouse MyoD fails to see the negative signal, and suggests that muscle induction might remove this negative regulation, allow MyOD to enter the nucleus, and establish an autoregulatory loop that could commit cells to myogenesis.
Patent
Expression of exogenous polynucleotide sequences in a vertebrate
TL;DR: In this paper, the interstitial introduction of an isolated polynucleotide into a tissue of the vertebrate is taken up by the cells of the tissue and exerts a therapeutic effect on the vertebrates.
Journal ArticleDOI
The poly(A)-poly(A)-binding protein complex is a major determinant of mRNA stability in vitro.
TL;DR: Results indicate that an important function of poly(A), in conjunction with its binding protein, is to protect polyadenylated mRNAs from indiscriminate destruction by cellular nucleases.
References
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A conserved AU sequence from the 3′ untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation
Gray D. Shaw,Robert Kamen +1 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that the AU sequences are the recognition signal for an mRNA processing pathway which specifically degrades the mRNAs for certain lymphokines, cytokines, and proto-oncogenes.
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A molecular gradient in early Drosophila embryos and its role in specifying the body pattern
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Journal ArticleDOI
Identification and Cloning of Localized Maternal RNAs From Xenopus Eggs
TL;DR: These studies show that some informational molecules, specifically RNAs, are localized in eggs and are inherited by particular blastomeres.
Journal ArticleDOI
A developmentally regulated activity that unwinds RNA duplexes
Brenda L. Bass,Harold Weintraub +1 more
TL;DR: The studies indicate that this is due to the presence of an activity that unwinds RNA:RNA hybrids, which is present at low, but detectable, levels in Xenopus oocytes, increases during oocyte maturation, and exists at high levels throughout early embryogenesis.
Journal ArticleDOI
THE PATHWAY OF EUKARYOTIC mRNA FORMATION
TL;DR: This paper presents a monograph on the construction of a Transcriptional Unit and some of the properties of this unit, as well as some examples of use cases and applications.
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