The Association of Cigarette Smoking with Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review
TLDR
The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported, suggesting the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization (MR), which will allow for stronger causal inferences.Abstract:
Background Many studies report a positive association between smoking and mental illness. However, the literature remains mixed regarding the direction of this association. We therefore conducted a systematic review evaluating the association of smoking and depression and/or anxiety in longitudinal studies. Methods Studies were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science and were included if they: (1) used human participants, (2) were longitudinal, (3) reported primary data, (4) had smoking as an exposure and depression and/or anxiety as an outcome, or (5) had depression and/or anxiety as the exposure and smoking as an outcome. Results Outcomes from 148 studies were categorized into: smoking onset, smoking status, smoking heaviness, tobacco dependence, and smoking trajectory. The results for each category varied substantially, with evidence for positive associations in both directions (smoking to later mental health and mental health to later smoking) as well as null findings. Overall, nearly half the studies reported that baseline depression/anxiety was associated with some type of later smoking behavior, while over a third found evidence that a smoking exposure was associated with later depression/anxiety. However, there were few studies directly supporting a bidirectional model of smoking and anxiety, and very few studies reporting null results. Conclusions The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported. This suggests the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization (MR), which will allow us to draw stronger causal inferences. Implications We systematically reviewed longitudinal studies on the association of different aspects of smoking behavior with depression and anxiety. The results varied considerably, with evidence for smoking both associated with subsequent depression and anxiety, and vice versa. Few studies supported a bidirectional relationship, or reported null results, and no clear patterns by gender, ethnicity, clinical status, length to follow-up, or diagnostic test. Suggesting that despite advantages of longitudinal studies, they cannot alone provide strong evidence of causality. Therefore, future studies investigating this association should employ different methods allowing for stronger causal inferences to be made, such as MR.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Minimal phenotyping yields genome-wide association signals of low specificity for major depression
Na Cai,Na Cai,Joana A. Revez,Mark Adams,Till F. M. Andlauer,Till F. M. Andlauer,Gerome Breen,Enda M. Byrne,Toni-Kim Clarke,Andreas J. Forstner,Andreas J. Forstner,Andreas J. Forstner,Hans J. Grabe,Steven P. Hamilton,Douglas F. Levinson,Cathryn M. Lewis,Glyn Lewis,Nicholas G. Martin,Yuri Milaneschi,Ole Mors,Ole Mors,Bertram Müller-Myhsok,Bertram Müller-Myhsok,Brenda W.J.H. Penninx,Roy H. Perlis,Giorgio Pistis,James B. Potash,Martin Preisig,Jianxin Shi,Jordan W. Smoller,Jordan W. Smoller,Fabien Streit,Henning Tiemeier,Henning Tiemeier,Rudolf Uher,Sandra Van der Auwera,Alexander Viktorin,Myrna M. Weissman,Kenneth S. Kendler,Jonathan Flint +39 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report differences in genetic architecture between depression defined by minimal phenotyping and strictly defined major depressive disorder (MDD): the former has a lower genotype-derived heritability that cannot be explained by inclusion of milder cases and a higher proportion of the genome contributing to this shared genetic liability with other conditions than for strictly defined MDD.
Journal ArticleDOI
Association of Rare Copy Number Variants With Risk of Depression
Kimberley Kendall,Elliott Rees,Matthew Bracher-Smith,Sophie E. Legge,Lucy Riglin,Stanley Zammit,Michael Conlon O'Donovan,Michael John Owen,Ian Jones,George Kirov,James T.R. Walters +10 more
TL;DR: Neurodevelopmental copy number variants appear to be associated with increases in the risk of depression in those without neurodevelopmental disorders, and no evidence was found of an association between measures of copy number variant burden and depression.
Journal ArticleDOI
Association between medicated obstructive pulmonary disease, depression and subjective health: results from the population-based Gutenberg Health Study
Jasmin Ghaemi Kerahrodi,Elmar Brähler,Jörg Wiltink,Matthias Michal,Andreas Schulz,Phillip S. Wild,Thomas Münzel,Gerrit Toenges,Karl J. Lackner,Norbert Pfeiffer,Manfred E. Beutel +10 more
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that COPD and asthma are associated with depression in the community and complex underlying demographic, medical and psychosocial variables have been identified which may justify an integrative treatment approach.
Posted ContentDOI
Factors contributing to psychological distress in the working population, with a special reference to gender difference - a population-based study
Satu Viertiö,Olli Kiviruusu,Maarit Piirtola,Jaakko Kaprio,Tellervo Korhonen,Mauri Marttunen,Jaana Suvisaari +6 more
TL;DR: Viertiö et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed an approach to improve the quality of health care for women in Finland by using the National Institute for Health and Welfare (NICW).
Journal ArticleDOI
Cardiovascular Disease and Hair Cortisol: a Novel Biomarker of Chronic Stress.
Eleonora Iob,Andrew Steptoe +1 more
TL;DR: The cardiovascular consequences of cortisol excess are outlined, the comprehensive overview of recent studies investigating the relationship of hair cortisol with CVD is provided, and clinical implications and limitations of the evidence are discussed.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Adult physical health outcomes of adolescent girls with conduct disorder, depression, and anxiety
Anna M. Bardone,Terrie E. Moffitt,Terrie E. Moffitt,Avshalom Caspi,Nigel Dickson,Warren R. Stanton,Phil A. Silva +6 more
TL;DR: The robust link between female adolescent conduct disorder and poor physical health in adulthood suggests that intervention with girls who have conduct disorder may be a strategy for preventing subsequent health problems.
Journal ArticleDOI
Risk and Protective Factors Associated With Trajectories of Depressed Mood From Adolescence to Early Adulthood
TL;DR: With the exception of delinquent behavior, risk and protective factors also distinguished the likelihood of membership among several of the 3 depressed mood groups, and the results add to basic etiologic research regarding developmental pathways of depressed mood in adolescence and young adulthood.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gender differences in and risk factors for depression in adolescence: A 4-year longitudinal study.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used longitudinal data (N=1322; 648 males, 674 females) from adolescents ages 12 to 19 years (in 1994) to investigate gender differences in and risk factors for depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes (MDEs).
Journal ArticleDOI
Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among middle adolescents: prospective associations and intrapersonal and interpersonal influences.
Michael Windle,Rebecca C. Windle +1 more
TL;DR: Investigation of the prospective relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette use within the context of potential confounding variables and common and unique intrapersonal and interpersonal predictors indicated that serious and persistent depressive symptoms were prospective predictors of increased cigarette use across time.