The Association of Cigarette Smoking with Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review
TLDR
The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported, suggesting the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization (MR), which will allow for stronger causal inferences.Abstract:
Background Many studies report a positive association between smoking and mental illness. However, the literature remains mixed regarding the direction of this association. We therefore conducted a systematic review evaluating the association of smoking and depression and/or anxiety in longitudinal studies. Methods Studies were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science and were included if they: (1) used human participants, (2) were longitudinal, (3) reported primary data, (4) had smoking as an exposure and depression and/or anxiety as an outcome, or (5) had depression and/or anxiety as the exposure and smoking as an outcome. Results Outcomes from 148 studies were categorized into: smoking onset, smoking status, smoking heaviness, tobacco dependence, and smoking trajectory. The results for each category varied substantially, with evidence for positive associations in both directions (smoking to later mental health and mental health to later smoking) as well as null findings. Overall, nearly half the studies reported that baseline depression/anxiety was associated with some type of later smoking behavior, while over a third found evidence that a smoking exposure was associated with later depression/anxiety. However, there were few studies directly supporting a bidirectional model of smoking and anxiety, and very few studies reporting null results. Conclusions The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported. This suggests the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization (MR), which will allow us to draw stronger causal inferences. Implications We systematically reviewed longitudinal studies on the association of different aspects of smoking behavior with depression and anxiety. The results varied considerably, with evidence for smoking both associated with subsequent depression and anxiety, and vice versa. Few studies supported a bidirectional relationship, or reported null results, and no clear patterns by gender, ethnicity, clinical status, length to follow-up, or diagnostic test. Suggesting that despite advantages of longitudinal studies, they cannot alone provide strong evidence of causality. Therefore, future studies investigating this association should employ different methods allowing for stronger causal inferences to be made, such as MR.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Student-, Study- and COVID-19-Related Predictors of Students’ Smoking, Binge Drinking and Cannabis Use before and during the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown in The Netherlands
Kirsten J. M. van Hooijdonk,Milagros Rubio,Sterre S.H. Simons,Tirza H. J. van Noorden,Maartje Luijten,Sabine A. E. Geurts,Jacqueline M. Vink +6 more
TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigated the impact of COVID-19 on (trends in) weekly smoking, weekly binge drinking and weekly cannabis use in Dutch university students.
Journal ArticleDOI
Associations Between Adolescent Mental Health and Health-Related Behaviors in 2005 and 2015: A Population Cross-Cohort Study.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated whether the associations between different health and health-related outcomes in adolescents are changing over time in two recent cohorts of adolescents born 10 years apart in two UK birth cohort studies, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) at age 14.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prevalence of depressive symptoms and its related factors among China's older adults in 2016.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its related factors among China's aging population, and they found that depression seriously threatens Chinese elderly, and it is recommended that the elderly adopt healthy lifestyles to prevent depression.
Journal ArticleDOI
GWAS and systems biology analysis of depressive symptoms among smokers from the COPDGene cohort.
Jonathan T. Heinzman,Karin F. Hoth,Michael H. Cho,Phuwanat Sakornsakolpat,Elizabeth A. Regan,Barry J. Make,Gregory L. Kinney,Frederick S. Wamboldt,Kristen E. Holm,Nicholas L. Bormann,Julian Robles,Victor Kim,Anand S Iyer,Edwin K. Silverman,James D. Crapo,Shizhong Han,James B. Potash,James B. Potash,Gen Shinozaki +18 more
TL;DR: Systems biology analysis identified statistically significant pathways whereby multiple genes influence depression and the gene set pathway analysis and COPDGene data can help investigate depression in future studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Association between tobacco use, depression, and anxiety: A cross-national study among university students from 30 low- and middle-income countries
Karl Peltzer,Supa Pengpid +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the association between tobacco use and depression and anxiety in a cross-national study among university students from 30 predominantly low- and middle-income countries.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Vijay A. Mittal,Elaine F. Walker +1 more
TL;DR: An issue concerning the criteria for tic disorders is highlighted, and how this might affect classification of dyskinesias in psychotic spectrum disorders.
Journal ArticleDOI
Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience
Katherine S. Button,John P. A. Ioannidis,Claire Mokrysz,Brian A. Nosek,Jonathan Flint,Emma S J Robinson,Marcus R. Munafò +6 more
TL;DR: It is shown that the average statistical power of studies in the neurosciences is very low, and the consequences include overestimates of effect size and low reproducibility of results.
Journal ArticleDOI
A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder
Stephan Ripke,Naomi R. Wray,Cathryn M. Lewis,Steven P. Hamilton,Myrna M. Weissman,Gerome Breen,Enda M. Byrne,Douglas Blackwood,Dorret I. Boomsma,Sven Cichon,Andrew C. Heath,Florian Holsboer,Susanne Lucae,Pamela A. F. Madden,Nicholas G. Martin,Peter McGuffin,Pierandrea Muglia,Markus M. Noethen,Brenda P Penninx,Michele L. Pergadia,James B. Potash,Marcella Rietschel,Danyu Lin,Bertram Müller-Myhsok,Jianxin Shi,Stacy Steinberg,Hans J. Grabe,Paul Lichtenstein,Patrik K. E. Magnusson,Roy H. Perlis,Martin Preisig,Jordan W. Smoller,Kari Stefansson,Rudolf Uher,Zoltán Kutalik,Katherine E. Tansey,Alexander Teumer,Alexander Viktorin,Michael R. Barnes,Thomas Bettecken,Elisabeth B. Binder,René Breuer,Victor M. Castro,Susanne Churchill,William Coryell,Nicholas John Craddock,Ian W. Craig,Darina Czamara,Eco J. C. de Geus,Franziska Degenhardt,Anne Farmer,Maurizio Fava,Josef Frank,Vivian S. Gainer,Patience J. Gallagher,Scott D. Gordon,Sergey Goryachev,Magdalena Gross,Michel Guipponi,Anjali K. Henders,Stefan Herms,Ian B. Hickie,Susanne Hoefels,Witte J.G. Hoogendijk,Jouke-Jan Hottenga,Dan V. Iosifescu,Marcus Ising,Ian Jones,Lisa Jones,Tzeng Jung-Ying,James A. Knowles,Isaac S. Kohane,Martin A. Kohli,Ania Korszun,Mikael Landén,William Lawson,Glyn Lewis,Donald J. MacIntyre,Wolfgang Maier,Manuel Mattheisen,Patrick J. McGrath,Andrew M. McIntosh,Alan W. McLean,Christel M. Middeldorp,Lefkos T. Middleton,G. M. Montgomery,Shawn N. Murphy,Matthias Nauck,Willem A. Nolen,Dale R. Nyholt,Michael Conlon O'Donovan,Hogni Oskarsson,Nancy L. Pedersen,William A. Scheftner,Andrea Schulz,Thomas G Schulze,Stanley I. Shyn,Engilbert Sigurdsson,Susan L. Slager,Johannes H. Smit,Hreinn Stefansson,Michael Steffens,Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson,Federica Tozzi,Jens Treutlein,Manfred Uhr,Edwin J. C. G. van den Oord,Gerard van Grootheest,Henry Völzke,Jeffrey B. Weilburg,Gonneke Willemsen,Frans G. Zitman,Benjamin M. Neale,Mark J. Daly,Douglas F. Levinson,Patrick F. Sullivan +115 more
TL;DR: This article conducted a genome-wide association studies (GWAS) mega-analysis for major depressive disorder (MDD) using more than 1.2 million autosomal and X chromosome single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18,759 independent and unrelated subjects of recent European ancestry.
Journal ArticleDOI
Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence.
TL;DR: Findings suggest that adolescents with anxiety disorders are at an increased risk of subsequent anxiety, depression, illicit drug dependence, and educational underachievement as young adults.