The protective role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in cardiovascular disease and the controversial use of estrogen therapy.
Andrea Iorga,Christine M. Cunningham,Shayan Moazeni,Gregoire Ruffenach,Soban Umar,Mansoureh Eghbali +5 more
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TLDR
The controversies surrounding the clinical use of exogenous E2 as a therapeutic agent for cardiovascular disease in women due to the possible risks of thrombotic events, cancers, and arrhythmia are discussed.Abstract:
Epidemiologic studies have previously suggested that premenopausal females have reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) when compared to age-matched males, and the incidence and severity of CVD increases postmenopause. The lower incidence of cardiovascular disease in women during reproductive age is attributed at least in part to estrogen (E2). E2 binds to the traditional E2 receptors (ERs), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), as well as the more recently identified G-protein-coupled ER (GPR30), and can exert both genomic and non-genomic actions. This review summarizes the protective role of E2 and its receptors in the cardiovascular system and discusses its underlying mechanisms with an emphasis on oxidative stress, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and vascular function. This review also presents the sexual dimorphic role of ERs in modulating E2 action in cardiovascular disease. The controversies surrounding the clinical use of exogenous E2 as a therapeutic agent for cardiovascular disease in women due to the possible risks of thrombotic events, cancers, and arrhythmia are also discussed. Endogenous local E2 biosynthesis from the conversion of testosterone to E2 via aromatase enzyme offers a novel therapeutic paradigm. Targeting specific ERs in the cardiovascular system may result in novel and possibly safer therapeutic options for cardiovascular protection.read more
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Book ChapterDOI
Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms.
TL;DR: This chapter addresses the molecular events governing regulation of gene expression via the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα, and ERβ) and the membrane estrogen receptor (GPER1) and describes mechanisms of cross-talk between signaling cascades activated by both nuclear and membrane estrogen receptors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Gender and Aging.
Jennifer L. Rodgers,Jarrod Jones,Samuel Ignatious Bolleddu,Sahit Vanthenapalli,Lydia E. Rodgers,Kinjal Shah,Krishna Karia,Siva K. Panguluri +7 more
TL;DR: Current findings regarding the impacts of age and gender on heart disease are discussed and hormone replacement therapies are largely shown to not improve outcomes in older patients and may also increase the risks of cardiac events in older adults.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex differences in mechanisms of arterial stiffness.
TL;DR: This review summarizes the current literature on sex differences in vascular stiffness induced by aging, obesity, hypertension, and sex‐specific risk factors as well as the impact of hormonal status, diet, and exercise on vascular stiffness in males and females.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex and Gender Driven Modifiers of Alzheimer's: The Role for Estrogenic Control Across Age, Race, Medical, and Lifestyle Risks
Aneela Rahman,Hande Jackson,Hollie Hristov,Richard S. Isaacson,Nabeel Saif,Teena Shetty,Orli R. Etingin,Claire Henchcliffe,Roberta Diaz Brinton,Lisa Mosconi,Lisa Mosconi +10 more
TL;DR: Genetic, medical, societal, and lifestyle risk factors known to increase AD risk differently between the genders are discussed, with a focus on the role of hormonal changes, particularly declines in 17β-estradiol during the menopause transition (MT) as key underlying mechanisms.
Journal ArticleDOI
Unique cardiovascular risk factors in women.
Laura Young,Leslie Cho +1 more
TL;DR: This comprehensive review addresses both traditional and unique risk factors of CVD in women, as well as sex-specific risk stratification and management options.
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