Journal ArticleDOI
Tocilizumab in Sars-cov-2 Patients with the Syndrome of Cytokine Storm; a Narrative review.
Shanmugaraj Kulanthaivel,V. B. Kaliberdenko,Keerthanaa Balasundaram,Michael Shterenshis,Emidio Scarpellini,Ludovico Abenavoli +5 more
TLDR
It is concluded that SARS-CoV-2 is associated with worsening of lung conditions characterized by interstitial pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome as a result of cytokine storm syndrome and the rational use of the tocilizumab in severe and critically ill covid-19 patients can prevent the development of irreversible lung injury and death of the patient.Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus is a group of viruses which causes diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, these family of viruses can cause the respiratory infections from mild form to fatal forms. It is preferably called as coronavirus. Formally it known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or 2019 novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) and this disease is called as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 is infectious in humans and world health organization has announced that Covid-19 as a pandemic disease. Tocilizumab is a biological agent which inhibits the cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL-6 inhibitor). As SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to the development of cytokine storm syndrome, the drug tocilizumab seems to have positive effect in patients with covid-19. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To analyze and review the possible effects and efficacy of the tocilizumab (monoclonal antibody against IL-6 receptors) in SARS-CoV-2 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search strategy on recent research and review articles is used for the SARS-CoV-2 disease and their characteristics. Furthermore we have analyzed most recent research article on monoclonal antibody against IL-6 receptors (tocilizumab) and their possible clinical effects in Covid-19 and their clinical trials on Covid-19 patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Covid-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is a life threatening condition which can give rise to fatal outcomes if left untreated. However there are no approved treatment for covid-19 globally. Furthermore we can conclude that SARS-CoV-2 is associated with worsening of lung conditions characterized by interstitial pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome as a result of cytokine storm syndrome. According to available research data tocilizumab, a recombinant humanized anti-human monoclonal antibody of IgG1τ (gamma 1, kappa) can improve patient's condition from cytokine storm syndrome by inhibiting the IL-6 (Interleukin 6) receptors. The rational use of the tocilizumab in severe and critically ill covid-19 patients can prevent the development of irreversible lung injury and death of the patient. Three retrospective studies of Xiaoling Xu et al., Pan luo et al. and Paola Tonaiti et al. has shown the efficacy of tocilizumab in severe and critically ill covid-19 patients. However we need more randomized research studies with significant number of patients which can confirm the promising results on tocilizumab treatment in covid-19 patients and even ongoing clinical trails such as TOSCA, COVACTA results has not been published yet which are expected to give better and more significant results on tocilizumab's effectiveness and safety.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
When Does the Cytokine Storm Begin in COVID-19 Patients? A Quick Score to Recognize It
Stefano Cappanera,Michele Palumbo,Sherman H. Kwan,Giulia Priante,Lucia Assunta Martella,Lavinia Maria Saraca,Francesco Sicari,Carlo Vernelli,Cinzia Di Giuli,Paolo Andreani,Alessandro Mariottini,Marsilio Francucci,Emanuela Sensi,Monya Costantini,Paolo Bruzzone,Vito D'Andrea,Sara Gioia,Roberto Cirocchi,Beatrice Tiri +18 more
Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has rapidly spread across the world, becoming a pandemic. The “cytokine storm” (CS) in COVID-19 leads to the worst stage of illness, and its timely control through immunomodulators, corticosteroids, and cytokine antagonists may be the key to reducing mortality. After reviewing published studies, we proposed a Cytokine Storm Score (CSs) to identify patients who were in this hyperinflammation state, and at risk of progression and poorer outcomes. We retrospectively analyzed 31 patients admitted to Infectious Disease Department in “St. Maria” Hospital in Terni with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, and analyzed the “CS score” (CSs) and the severity of COVID-19. Then we conducted a prospective study of COVID-19 patients admitted after the definition of the CSscore. This is the first study that proposes and applies a new score to quickly identify COVID-19 patients who are in a hyperinflammation stage, to rapidly treat them in order to reduce the risk of intubation. CSs can accurately identify COVID-19 patients in the early stages of a CS, to conduct timely, safe, and effect administration of immunomodulators, corticosteroids, and cytokine antagonists, to prevent progression and reduce mortality.
Journal ArticleDOI
Current treatment strategies for COVID19 (Review).
TL;DR: In this article, a review of existing drugs for treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is presented, including chloroquine, its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), remdesivir and nucleoside analogues, monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, Chinese herbal medicine and natural compounds.
Journal ArticleDOI
In silico drug repurposing in COVID-19: A network-based analysis.
Pasquale Sibilio,Simone Bini,Giulia Fiscon,Marialuisa Sponziello,Federica Conte,Valeria Pecce,Cosimo Durante,Paola Paci,Rosa Falcone,Giuseppe Danilo Norata,Lorenzo Farina,Antonella Verrienti +11 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined three different network-based approaches to identify potentially repurposable drugs to treat COVID-19 patients with SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparative Study of Cytokine Storm Treatment in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Using Immunomodulators
TL;DR: In this paper , the use of the immunomodulators, Tocilizumab and Anakinra, in the cytokine storm showed favorable effects, both clinical and biochemical.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Peek into Pandora’s Box: COVID-19 and Neurodegeneration
Abhishek Chandra,Ashu Johri +1 more
TL;DR: An update on the recent progress in adjudicating the CNS-related mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential to incite or accelerate neurodegeneration in surviving patients is provided.
References
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Chaolin Huang,Yeming Wang,Xingwang Li,Lili Ren,Jianping Zhao,Yi Hu,Li Zhang,Guohui Fan,Jiuyang Xu,Xiaoying Gu,Zhenshun Cheng,Ting Yu,Jia'an Xia,Yuan Wei,Wenjuan Wu,Xuelei Xie,Wen Yin,Li Hui,Min Liu,Yan Xiao,Hong Gao,Li Guo,Jungang Xie,Guang-Fa Wang,Rongmeng Jiang,Zhancheng Gao,Qi Jin,Jianwei Wang,Bin Cao +28 more
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Journal ArticleDOI
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
Peng Zhou,Xing-Lou Yang,Xian Guang Wang,Ben Hu,Lei Zhang,Wei Zhang,Hao Rui Si,Yan Zhu,Bei Li,Chao Lin Huang,Hui-Dong Chen,Jing Chen,Yun Luo,Hua Guo,Ren Di Jiang,Meiqin Liu,Ying Chen,Xu Rui Shen,Xi Wang,Xiao Shuang Zheng,Kai Zhao,Quanjiao Chen,Fei Deng,Lin Lin Liu,Bing Yan,Fa Xian Zhan,Yan-Yi Wang,Gengfu Xiao,Zhengli Shi +28 more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia.
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TL;DR: There is evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts since the middle of December 2019 and considerable efforts to reduce transmission will be required to control outbreaks if similar dynamics apply elsewhere.
Journal ArticleDOI
A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster.
Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan,Shuofeng Yuan,Kin-Hang Kok,Kelvin K. W. To,Kelvin K. W. To,Hin Chu,Jin Yang,Fanfan Xing,Jieling Liu,Cyril C. Y. Yip,Rosana W.S. Poon,Hoi Wah Tsoi,Simon Kam Fai Lo,Kwok-Hung Chan,Vincent Kwok-Man Poon,Wan Mui Chan,Jonathan Daniel Ip,Jian Piao Cai,Vincent C.C. Cheng,Honglin Chen,Honglin Chen,Christopher K.M. Hui,Kwok-Yung Yuen +22 more
TL;DR: The findings are consistent with person-to-person transmission of this novel coronavirus in hospital and family settings, and the reports of infected travellers in other geographical regions.