Journal ArticleDOI
Tracking volcanic sulfur dioxide clouds for aviation hazard mitigation
Simon Carn,Arlin J. Krueger,Nickolay A. Krotkov,Nickolay A. Krotkov,Kai Yang,Kai Yang,Keith Evans +6 more
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Satellite measurements of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions can provide critical information for aviation hazard mitigation, particularly when ash detection techniques fail as discussed by the authors, and the potential effects of elevated concentrations of SO2 and sulfate aerosol in ash-poor clouds on aircraft and avionics.Abstract:
Satellite measurements of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions can provide critical information for aviation hazard mitigation, particularly when ash detection techniques fail. Recent developments in space-based SO2 monitoring are discussed, focusing on daily, global ultraviolet (UV) measurements by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite. OMI’s high sensitivity to SO2 permits long-range tracking of volcanic clouds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) and accurate mapping of their perimeters to facilitate avoidance. Examples from 2006 to 2007 include eruptions of Soufriere Hills (Montserrat), Rabaul (Papua New Guinea), Nyamuragira (DR Congo), and Jebel at Tair (Yemen). A tendency for some volcanic clouds to occupy the jet stream suggests an increased threat to aircraft that exploit this phenomenon. Synergy between NASA A-Train sensors such as OMI and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the Aqua satellite can provide critical information on volcanic cloud altitude. OMI and AIRS SO2 data products are being produced in near real-time for distribution to Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs) via a NOAA website. Operational issues arising from these improved SO2 measurements include the reliability of SO2 as proxy for co-erupted ash, the duration of VAAC advisories for long-lived volcanic clouds, and the potential effects of elevated concentrations of SO2 and sulfate aerosol in ash-poor clouds on aircraft and avionics (including cumulative effects after multiple inadvertent transits through dilute clouds). Further research is required in these areas. Aviation community assistance is sought through continued reporting of sulfurous odors or other indications of diffuse volcanic cloud encounters, in order to validate the satellite retrievals.read more
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Observing and understanding the Southeast Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: An initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program
Jeffrey S. Reid,Edward J. Hyer,Randall S. Johnson,Brent N. Holben,Robert J. Yokelson,Jianglong Zhang,James R. Campbell,Sundar A. Christopher,Larry Di Girolamo,Louis Giglio,Robert E. Holz,Courtney Kearney,Jukka Miettinen,Elizabeth A. Reid,F. Joseph Turk,Jun Wang,Peng Xian,Guangyu Zhao,Rajasekhar Balasubramanian,Boon Ning Chew,Serm Janjai,Nofel Lagrosas,Puji Lestari,Neng Huei Lin,Mastura Mahmud,Anh X. Nguyen,Bethany Norris,Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh,Min Oo,Santo V. Salinas,E. Judd Welton,Soo Chin Liew +31 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on and repeatedly link back to the primary data source, satellite aerosol remote sensing and associated observability issues, and discuss aspects of SEA's physical, socio-economic and biological geography relevant to meteorology and observability problems associated with clouds and precipitation.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Ozone Monitoring Instrument: overview of 14 years in space
Pieternel F. Levelt,Joanna Joiner,Johanna Tamminen,J. Pepijn Veefkind,Pawan K. Bhartia,Deborah Stein Zweers,Bryan N. Duncan,David G. Streets,Henk Eskes,Ronald van der A,Chris A. McLinden,Vitali Fioletov,Simon Carn,Jos de Laat,Matthew T. DeLand,Sergey Marchenko,Richard D. McPeters,Jerald R. Ziemke,Jerald R. Ziemke,Dejian Fu,Xiong Liu,Kenneth E. Pickering,Arnoud Apituley,G. Gonzalez Abad,Antti Arola,Folkert Boersma,Folkert Boersma,C. Chan Miller,Kelly Chance,Martin de Graaf,Janne Hakkarainen,S. Hassinen,Iolanda Ialongo,Quintus Kleipool,Nickolay A. Krotkov,Can Li,Lok N. Lamsal,Paul A. Newman,Caroline R. Nowlan,Raid Suleiman,L. G. Tilstra,Omar Torres,Huiqun Wang,Krzysztof Wargan +43 more
TL;DR: The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board the Aura satellite spanning a period of nearly 14 years has been used in a wide range of applications and research resulting in many new findings as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Multi-decadal satellite measurements of global volcanic degassing
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the temporal and latitudinal distribution of volcanic SO 2 emissions and reassess the relationship between eruptive SO 2 discharge and eruption magnitude, finding a first-order correlation between SO 2 emission and volcanic explosivity index (VEI), but with significant scatter.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sulfur Degassing From Volcanoes: Source Conditions, Surveillance, Plume Chemistry and Earth System Impacts
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the causes of variability in sulfur abundance and speciation in different geodynamic contexts; the measurement of sulfur emissions from volcanoes; links between subsurface processes and surface observations; sulfur chemistry in volcanic plumes; and the consequences of sulfur degassing for climate and the environment.
OtherDOI
Encounters of aircraft with volcanic ash clouds; A compilation of known incidents, 1953-2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a solution to solve the problem of the problem: this article...,.. ].. ).. )... ;.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
SCIAMACHY: Mission Objectives and Measurement Modes
Heinrich Bovensmann,John P. Burrows,Michael Buchwitz,Johannes Frerick,Stefan Noel,Vladimir Rozanov,Kelly Chance,Albert P. H. Goede +7 more
TL;DR: SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) is a spectrometer designed to measure sunlight transmitted, reflected, and scattered by the earth's atmosphere or surface in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelength region (240-2380 nm) at moderate spectral resolution (0.2-1.5 nm, λ/Δλ ≈ 1000-10
Journal ArticleDOI
The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism
TL;DR: A composite estimate of the magnitude of past explosive eruptions, referred to as the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), is proposed as a semiquantitative compromise between poor data and the need in various disciplines to evaluate the record of past volcanism as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
The ozone monitoring instrument
Pieternel F. Levelt,G. H. J. van den Oord,Marcel Dobber,A. Malkki,Hubregt J. Visser,Johan de Vries,Piet Stammes,J.O.V. Lundell,Heikki Saari +8 more
TL;DR: The Ozone Monitoring Instrument is a ultraviolet/visible nadir solar backscatter spectrometer, which provides nearly global coverage in one day with a spatial resolution of 13 km/spl times/24 km and will enable detection of air pollution on urban scale resolution.
Book
The encyclopedia of volcanoes
TL;DR: The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes summarizes our present knowledge of volcanoes and provides a comprehensive source of information on the causes of volcanic eruptions and both the destructive and beneficial effects as discussed by the authors.