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Journal ArticleDOI

Transferrin-coated magnetic upconversion nanoparticles for efficient photodynamic therapy with near-infrared irradiation and luminescence bioimaging

TLDR
A green-synthesis route to NaYF4:Gd3+,Yb3+,Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) by using eco-friendly paraffin liquid, instead of 1-octadecene, as a high boiling non-coordinating solvent is devised to demonstrate the innovative design and development of high-performance multifunctional PDT agents.
Abstract
In the present study, we devised a green-synthesis route to NaYF4:Gd3+,Yb3+,Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) by using eco-friendly paraffin liquid, instead of 1-octadecene, as a high boiling non-coordinating solvent. A multifunctional nanoplatform was then developed by coating UCNPs with biocompatible transferrin (TRF) for magnetically-assisted and near-infrared light induced photodynamic therapy and bioimaging. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a clinically approved photodynamic therapy agent, was loaded into the shell layer of the TRF-coated UCNPs (UCNP@TRF nanoparticles), which can be efficiently taken up by cancer cells for photodynamic therapy. Upon near-infrared light irradiation, the UCNP@TRF-PpIX nanoparticles could not only kill the cancer cells via photodynamic therapy but also serve as imaging probes. We also demonstrated that an external magnetic field could be used to increase the uptake of UCNP@TRF-PpIX nanoparticles by MDA-MB-231 and HeLa cancer cells, and hence result in an enhanced photodynamic therapy efficiency. This work demonstrates the innovative design and development of high-performance multifunctional PDT agents.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Colloidal Synthesis of Semiconductor Quantum Dots toward Large Scale Production: A Review

TL;DR: A comprehensive overview on the synthesis of colloidal QDs prepared via chemical approaches in solution phase, with emphasis on green routes which possess the advantages of environment-friendly raw materials, simple operation process, and robust mass-scale production is presented in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI

Photodynamic Therapy—Current Limitations and Novel Approaches

TL;DR: A review of the mechanisms of action in terms of photodynamic therapy in cancer, including the effects on immune system and vasculature as well as mechanisms related with tumor cell destruction, is provided in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI

Designing Stimuli‐Responsive Upconversion Nanoparticles that Exploit the Tumor Microenvironment

TL;DR: An overview of the design of stimulus‐responsive upconversion nanoparticles that precisely target and respond to tumors via targeting the tumor microenvironment and intracellular signals is provided and will result in more effective clinical translation.
Journal ArticleDOI

Lanthanide Doped Near Infrared Active Upconversion Nanophosphors: Fundamental Concepts, Synthesis Strategies, and Technological Applications.

TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of lanthanide doped NIR active UCNP is provided by discussing the fundamental concepts including the different mechanisms proposed for explaining the upconversion processes, followed by the different strategies employed for the synthesis of these materials, and finally the technological applications of UCNP by highlighting the recent works in these areas.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping

TL;DR: The results suggest that the doping-induced structural and size transition, demonstrated here in NaYF4 upconversion nanocrystals, could be extended to other lanthanide-doped nanocrystal systems for applications ranging from luminescent biological labels to volumetric three-dimensional displays.
Journal ArticleDOI

Engineered Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy

TL;DR: It is anticipated that precisely engineered nanoparticles will emerge as the next-generation platform for cancer therapy and many other biomedical applications.
Journal ArticleDOI

Upconversion nanophosphors for small-animal imaging

TL;DR: In this critical review, recent reports regarding the synthesis of water-soluble UCNPs and their surface modification and bioconjugation chemistry are summarized and the applications ofUCNPs for small-animal imaging, including tumor-targeted imaging, lymphatic imaging, vascular imaging and cell tracking are reviewed in detail.
Journal ArticleDOI

In vivo photodynamic therapy using upconversion nanoparticles as remote-controlled nanotransducers

TL;DR: This work used mesoporous-silica–coated upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles (UCNs) as a nanotransducer to convert deeply penetrating near-infrared light to visible wavelengths and a carrier of photosensitizers to demonstrate in vivo PDT efficacy with the dual-photosensitizer approach.
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