Journal ArticleDOI
Two‐Color Glycan Labeling of Live Cells by a Combination of Diels–Alder and Click Chemistry
Andrea Niederwieser,Anne-Katrin Späte,Long Duc Nguyen,Christian Jüngst,Werner Reutter,Valentin Wittmann +5 more
TLDR
This work shows that ManNAc derivatives containing a terminal alkene in the acyl side chain are metabolically incorporated into cell-surface sialic acids and can subsequently be labeled by the DARinv, and identifies monosubstituted (terminal) alkenes as a new class of chemical reporters.Abstract:
Protein glycosylation is a complex form of posttranslational modification and has been shown to be crucial for the function of many proteins. Sialic acid is prominently positioned at the outer end of membrane glycoproteins. It plays a critical role for the regulation of a myriad of cellular functions and it forms a shield around the cell. Furthermore, it constantly interacts with the environment of cells and contributes to histocompatibility. This makes studying sialylation an interesting field of research, but monitoring sialic acid in vivo is challenging. While proteins are routinely labeled by genetic methods, such as expression as GFP fusion proteins, comparable methods are not available for secondary gene products, such as glycans of glycoconjugates. Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) is a successful new strategy to visualize the localization of glycans in vitro and in vivo. In this approach, cells are cultivated in the presence of non-natural monosaccharide derivatives that carry a chemical reporter group and are nonetheless accepted by the biosynthetic machinery of a cell. For instance, peracetylated N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac4ManNAz) is taken up by the cell, deacetylated by cellular esterases, and owing to the promiscuity of the enzymes of sialic acid biosynthesis, is converted into N-azidoacetyl neuraminic acid and incorporated into sialoglycoconjugates. Once presented on the cell surface, the azide-containing sialylated glycan can be visualized through a bioorthogonal ligation reaction. Besides Ac4ManNAz, several monosaccharide derivatives of N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, and l-fucose are suitable for MOE providing further insights into the role of cellular structures and functions of glycans in the cell. Currently, mainly Staudinger ligation and azide–alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition (copper-catalyzed or strain-promoted, also known as the click reaction) are applied as ligation reactions in MOE. However, both of them rely on the reaction of azides and thus cannot be used for the concurrent detection of two different metabolically incorporated carbohydrates. A labeling strategy that can be carried out in the presence of azides and alkynes would significantly expand the scope of chemical labeling reactions in living cells and is thus highly desirable. Recently, it was shown that the Diels–Alder reaction with inverse electron demand (DARinv) of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with strained dienophiles, such as trans-cyclooctenes, cyclobutenes, norbornenes, 13] cyclooctynes, and substituted cyclopropenes, fulfills the requirements of a bioorthogonal ligation reaction and furthermore is orthogonal to the azide–alkyne cycloaddition. However, these cyclic alkenes or kinetically stable tetrazines are expected to be too large for being efficiently metabolized by the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway, starting from the corresponding Nacylmannosamine derivative. In search for smaller dienophiles suitable for MOE, we identified monosubstituted (terminal) alkenes as a new class of chemical reporters. We recently reported the successful application of the DARinv between terminal alkenes and 1,2,4,5-tetrazines in the preparation of carbohydrate microarrays. The fact that terminal alkenes are hardly found in biological systems and are completely absent in proteins makes them a promising reporter group. Herein, we show that ManNAc derivatives containing a terminal alkene in the acyl side chain are metabolically incorporated into cell-surface sialic acids and can subsequently be labeled by the DARinv (Figure 1). Moreover, we demonstrate that double labeling of two differently modified, metabolically incorporated monosaccharides is possible by combining the DARinv with strainpromoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). As the reaction rate of the DARinv of acyclic olefins with tetrazines is very sensitive to steric hindrance, double bonds with more than one substituent react very slowly. Terminal alkenes, on the other hand, can react rapidly without any further activation. This prompted us to design mannosamine derivatives 2 and 4 (Figure 2) that were synthesized in three steps from mannosamine hydrochloride (see the Supporting Information). Based on previous work by Keppler et al., we expected both derivatives to be accepted by cells with Npentenoylmannosamine 2 (owing to the shorter acyl side chain) being incorporated with higher efficiency. On the other [*] Dipl.-Chem. A. Niederwieser, M. Sc. A.-K. Sp te, M. Sc. C. J ngst, Prof. Dr. V. Wittmann University of Konstanz, Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB) 78457 Konstanz (Germany) E-mail: mail@valentin-wittmann.deread more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reactions in chemical biology
TL;DR: The exceptional fast kinetics of this catalyst-free reaction, even using low concentrations of coupling partners, make it amenable for in vivo radiolabelling using pretargeting methodologies, which are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Finding the Right (Bioorthogonal) Chemistry
TL;DR: The most common classes of bioorthogonal chemistries are compared and compared and a framework for matching the reactions with downstream applications is provided to refine the understanding of living systems.
Journal ArticleDOI
Click Chemistry in Materials Science
TL;DR: Click chemistry has become one of the most powerful paradigms in materials science, synthesis, and modification as discussed by the authors, and has seen broad implementation in polymer functionalization, surface modification, block copolymer and dendrimer synthesis, biomaterials fabrication, biofunctionalization, and many other areas of materials science.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bioorthogonal chemistry: strategies and recent developments
Carlo P. Ramil,Qing Lin +1 more
TL;DR: The recent progress in bioorthogonal reactions is presented through the selected examples that highlight the selected strategies, including the use of ring strain for substrate activation in the cycloaddition reactions, the discovery of new ligands and privileged substrates for accelerated metal-catalysed reactions, and the design of substrates with pre-fluorophore structures for rapid "turn-on" fluorescence after selective bioorthogsonal reactions.
Journal ArticleDOI
trans-Cyclooctene — a stable, voracious dienophile for bioorthogonal labeling
Ramajeyam Selvaraj,Joseph M. Fox +1 more
TL;DR: Advances in computation and synthesis that have enabled applications in chemical biology and nuclear medicine are described.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
A stepwise huisgen cycloaddition process: copper(I)-catalyzed regioselective "ligation" of azides and terminal alkynes.
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Peptidotriazoles on solid phase: [1,2,3]-triazoles by regiospecific copper(i)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of terminal alkynes to azides.
TL;DR: A novel regiospecific copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of terminal alkynes to azides on solid-phase is reported, and the X-ray structure of 2-azido-2-methylpropanoic acid has been solved, to yield structural information on the 1, 3-dipoles entering the reaction.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bioorthogonal Chemistry: Fishing for Selectivity in a Sea of Functionality
TL;DR: The bioorthogonal chemical reactions developed to date are described and how they can be used to study biomolecules.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Strain-Promoted [3 + 2] Azide−Alkyne Cycloaddition for Covalent Modification of Biomolecules in Living Systems
TL;DR: A strain-promoted [3 + 2] cycloaddition between cyclooctynes and azides that proceeds under physiological conditions without the need for a catalyst was demonstrated by selective modification of biomolecules in vitro and on living cells, with no apparent toxicity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cell Surface Engineering by a Modified Staudinger Reaction
Eliana Saxon,Carolyn R. Bertozzi +1 more
TL;DR: A chemical transformation that permits the selective formation of covalent adducts among richly functionalized biopolymers within a cellular context is presented and should permit its execution within a cell's interior, offering new possibilities for probing intracellular interactions.