When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest and landscape restoration
Robin L. Chazdon,Pedro H. S. Brancalion,Lars Laestadius,Aoife Bennett-Curry,Aoife Bennett-Curry,Kathleen Buckingham,Chetan Kumar,Julian Moll-Rocek,Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira,Sarah J. Wilson +9 more
TLDR
A historical overview of forest concepts and definitions is presented, linking these changes with distinct perspectives and management objectives to illustrate how different management objectives drive the relative importance of different aspects of forest state, dynamics, and landscape context.Abstract:
We present a historical overview of forest concepts and definitions, linking these changes with distinct perspectives and management objectives. Policies dealing with a broad range of forest issues are often based on definitions created for the purpose of assessing global forest stocks, which do not distinguish between natural and planted forests or reforests, and which have not proved useful in assessing national and global rates of forest regrowth and restoration. Implementing and monitoring forest and landscape restoration requires additional approaches to defining and assessing forests that reveal the qualities and trajectories of forest patches in a spatially and temporally dynamic landscape matrix. New technologies and participatory assessment of forest states and trajectories offer the potential to operationalize such definitions. Purpose-built and contextualized definitions are needed to support policies that successfully protect, sustain, and regrow forests at national and global scales. We provide a framework to illustrate how different management objectives drive the relative importance of different aspects of forest state, dynamics, and landscape context.read more
Citations
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The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems
James E. M. Watson,James E. M. Watson,Tom Evans,Oscar Venter,Brooke Williams,Brooke Williams,Ayesha I. T. Tulloch,Ayesha I. T. Tulloch,Claire Louise Stewart,Ian D. Thompson,Justina C. Ray,Kris A. Murray,Alvaro Salazar,Clive McAlpine,Peter Potapov,Joe Walston,John G. Robinson,Michael Painter,David Wilkie,Christopher E. Filardi,William F. Laurance,Richard A. Houghton,Sean L. Maxwell,Hedley S. Grantham,Hedley S. Grantham,Cristián Samper,Stephanie Wang,Lars Laestadius,Rebecca K. Runting,Gustavo A. Silva-Chávez,Jamison Ervin,David B. Lindenmayer +31 more
TL;DR: It is argued that maintaining and, where possible, restoring the integrity of dwindling intact forests is an urgent priority for current global efforts to halt the ongoing biodiversity crisis, slow rapid climate change and achieve sustainability goals.
Journal ArticleDOI
Natural regeneration as a tool for large-scale forest restoration in the tropics: prospects and challenges.
TL;DR: In this article, the conditions that favor natural regeneration within tropical forest landscapes are discussed, and the economic, social, and legal issues that challenge natural regeneration in tropical landscapes are highlighted, and a major global effort to enable cost-effective natural regeneration is needed to achieve ambitious forest and landscape restoration goals.
Journal ArticleDOI
Designing optimal human-modified landscapes for forest biodiversity conservation.
Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez,Lenore Fahrig,Marcelo Tabarelli,James I. Watling,Lutz Tischendorf,Maíra Benchimol,Eliana Cazetta,Deborah Faria,Inara R. Leal,Felipe P. L. Melo,José Carlos Morante-Filho,Bráulio A. Santos,Ricard Arasa-Gisbert,Norma P. Arce-Peña,Martín de Jesús Cervantes-López,Sabine J. Cudney-Valenzuela,Carmen Galán-Acedo,Miriam San-José,Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira,J. W. Ferry Slik,A. Justin Nowakowski,A. Justin Nowakowski,Teja Tscharntke +22 more
TL;DR: The proposed landscape scenarios represent an optimal compromise between delivery of goods and services to humans and preserving most forest wildlife, and can therefore guide forest preservation and restoration strategies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fostering natural forest regeneration on former agricultural land through economic and policy interventions
Robin L. Chazdon,Robin L. Chazdon,David B. Lindenmayer,Manuel R. Guariguata,Renato Crouzeilles,José María Rey Benayas,Elena Lazos Chavero +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarize cases where natural regeneration is occurring in agricultural landscapes around the world and identify the socio-ecological factors that favor its development and affect its qualities, outcomes and persistence.
Journal ArticleDOI
A systematic review of the socio-economic impacts of large-scale tree plantations, worldwide
Arttu Malkamäki,Dalia D'amato,Nicholas J. Hogarth,Markku Kanninen,Markku Kanninen,Romain Pirard,Anne Toppinen,Wen Zhou,Wen Zhou +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic review of the literature examining their impacts on local communities is needed to inform policies and practices, and they follow an a priori protocol to reduce the selection biases inherent to conventional literature reviews, and considered both grey and peer-reviewed literature.
References
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High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change
Matthew C. Hansen,Peter Potapov,Rebecca Moore,M. Hancher,Svetlana Turubanova,Alexandra Tyukavina,David Thau,Stephen V. Stehman,Scott J. Goetz,Thomas R. Loveland,Anil Kommareddy,A. Egorov,Louise Chini,Christopher O. Justice,John R. Townshend +14 more
TL;DR: Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally, and boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests
Yude Pan,Richard Birdsey,Jingyun Fang,Jingyun Fang,Richard A. Houghton,Pekka E. Kauppi,Werner A. Kurz,Oliver L. Phillips,Anatoly Shvidenko,Simon L. Lewis,Josep G. Canadell,Philippe Ciais,Robert B. Jackson,Stephen W. Pacala,A. David McGuire,Shilong Piao,Aapo Rautiainen,Stephen Sitch,Daniel J. Hayes +18 more
TL;DR: The total forest sink estimate is equivalent in magnitude to the terrestrial sink deduced from fossil fuel emissions and land-use change sources minus ocean and atmospheric sinks, with tropical estimates having the largest uncertainties.
Supporting Online Material for A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World's Forests
Yude Pan,Richard A. Birdsey,Jingyun Fang,Richard A. Houghton,Pekka E. Kauppi,Werner A. Kurz,Oliver L. Phillips,Anatoly Shvidenko,Simon L. Lewis,Philippe Ciais,Robert B. Jackson,Stephen W. Pacala,A. David McGuire,Shilong Piao,Aapo Rautiainen,Stephen Sitch,Daniel J. Hayes +16 more
Journal ArticleDOI
The Brazilian Atlantic Forest:: how much is left and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation
Milton Cezar Ribeiro,Jean Paul Metzger,Alexandre Camargo Martensen,Flávio Jorge Ponzoni,Márcia Makiko Hirota +4 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantify how much of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest still remains, and analyze its spatial distribution, and suggest some guidelines for conservation: (i) large mature forest fragments should be a conservation priority; (ii) smaller fragments can be managed in order to maintain functionally linked mosaics; (iii) the matrix surrounding fragments, and (iv) restoration actions should be taken, particularly in certain key areas.
Journal ArticleDOI
Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation.
Helmut Geist,Eric F. Lambin +1 more
TL;DR: Tropical deforestation is driven by identifiable regional patterns of causal factor synergies, of which the most prominent are economic factors, institutions, national policies, and remote influences driving agricultural expansion, wood extraction, and infrastructure extension (at the proximate level).