Showing papers on "Anisakis published in 2015"
TL;DR: Given that the pathogenic role in relation to man is known for these two species of Anisakis, both the flesh inspection and the infection rates of the different anisakid species assume particular importance in terms of assessing the risk they pose to humans.
58 citations
TL;DR: DNA sequencing of larvae from 15 of 16 anisakiasis patients confirmed the cause to be Anisakis pegreffii infection, and molecular analysis should be performed for all extracted larvae.
Abstract: Anisakiasis in humans in South Korea has been considered to be caused exclusively by the larvae of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Pseudoterranova decipiens. Recently, however, DNA sequencing of larvae from 15 of 16 anisakiasis patients confirmed the cause to be Anisakis pegreffii infection. Molecular analysis should be performed for all extracted larvae.
57 citations
TL;DR: Screening of archival suspicious sections is feasible in order to study epidemiology of this zoonotic disease poorly recognised in Croatia, evidenced from an archival paraffin- embedded and hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue section.
Abstract: This is the first report of anisakiasis in a Croatian patient, evidenced from an archival paraffin-embedded and hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue section. Anisakiasis has been only suspected in the country based on previously detected anti-Anisakis IgE seroprevalence in the healthy coastal population, as well as an acute case where pathohistological and serological findings suggested the diseases, but the migrating larva has not been retrieved. Seventy years-old female, operated in 1998 for pulmonary carcinoma, was admitted to the General hospital Sibenik, Croatia in 2003, because of gastric pain and nausea that lasted for couple of days. She was showing good general condition, full mobility and lucidity, subfebrile status. Abdominal palpation inferred acute pain in paraumbilical and ileocecal region. Exploratory right pararectal laparotomy revealed a hardened, 5 cm-long structure, located intraluminally in the sigmoid colon, not perforating colon serosa. The process has been dissected and sent for patohistological diagnosis. Results showed a 2 mm-long whitish nematode spiralised in muscular layer of colon mucosa surrounded by granulomatous inflammation. After genomic DNA isolation of the nematode from the histological section, and amplification at the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 2 locus, etiological agent has been identified as Anisakis pegreffii. Used methodology suggests that screening of archival suspicious sections is feasible in order to study epidemiology of this zoonotic disease poorly recognised in Croatia.
47 citations
TL;DR: Gastric pain was most commonly manifested in almost all cases, and hemoptysis and hematemesis were seen in 1 case each, while the seasonal prevalence was highest in winter.
Abstract: The present study was performed to report 15 anisakiasis cases in Korea and to review the Korean cases reported in the literature. Total 32 Anisakis type I larvae were detected in the stomach of 15 patients by the endoscopy. Single worm was detected from 12 cases, and even 9 larvae were found from 2 cases. Epigastric pain was most commonly manifested in almost all cases, and hemoptysis and hematemesis were seen in 1 case each. Symptom manifestations began at 10-12 hr after eating fish in 73.3% cases. Endoscopy was performed 1-2 days after the symptom onset in most cases. The common conger, Conger myriaster, was the probable infection source in 7 cases. In the review of Korean anisakiasis cases, thus far, total 645 cases have been reported in 64 articles. Anisakis type I larva was the most frequently detected (81.3%). The favorable infection site of larvae was the stomach (82.4%). The common conger was the most probable source of human infections (38.6%). Among the total 404 cases which revealed the age and sex of patients, 185 (45.8%) were males, and the remaining 219 (54.2%) were female patients. The age prevalence was the highest in forties (34.7%). The seasonal prevalence was highest in winter (38.8%). By the present study, 15 cases of gastric anisakiasis are added as Korean cases, and some epidemiological characteristics of Korean anisakiasis were clarified.
46 citations
TL;DR: There is an increased risk of infection by Anisakis through consumption of large sardines which are raw or have undergone insufficient treatment (undercooked, smoked, marinated, salted, pickled, freezing,…).
43 citations
TL;DR: Serum levels of specific antibodies against Anisakis antigens were used as a reliable marker of previous contact with their larvae and suggested mechanisms include chronic inflammation elicited by the parasite, and a possible tumorigenic effect from certain parasitic secretions.
35 citations
TL;DR: Six different morphotypes of ascaridoid type larvae from 28 species of fish collected from New Caledonian waters were morphologically identified as Anisakis type I, Hysterothylacium type VI and new larval types XIII and XIV, Raphidascaris larval type and Terranova larvaltype II.
34 citations
TL;DR: The occurrence of larval Anisakidae and Raphidascarididae in anchovies and sardines from the North Adriatic Sea has been estimated and Anisakis pegreffii and Hysterothylacium aduncum were reported, with low prevalence values.
32 citations
TL;DR: A. simplex haemoglobin is described as a new major allergen (Ani s 13), being recognised by a large number of sensitised patients and up to 80.9% in patients with gastro-allergic anisakiasis.
32 citations
TL;DR: 4 human infections with P. cattani diagnosed during 2012–2014 are reported and the main species, Anisakis simplex and Pseudoterranova decipiens, are in fact species groups with distinct geographic and biologic characteristics.
Abstract: To the Editor: Anisakidosis is an emerging foodborne zoonosis caused by nematode larvae of the Anisakinae subfamily, which includes the genera Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Contracecum (1). In natural cycles, anisakid larvae are transmitted to marine mammals or piscivorous birds when they eat raw saltwater fish or squid. In the human incidental host, larvae attach to the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, causing clinical features ranging from asymptomatic carriage to severe abdominal pain with complications, such as gastric perforation (2). Microscopical diagnosis is hampered by the lack of distinguishing morphologic characteristics in larval stages (1). Recently, molecular genetic techniques have shown that the main species, Anisakis simplex and Pseudoterranova decipiens, are in fact species groups with distinct geographic and biologic characteristics (3,4). The P. decipiens complex consists of at least 6 sibling species (Technical Appendix Table). We report 4 human infections with P. cattani diagnosed during 2012–2014.
The case-patients were adults 22–59 years of age; 2 were female, and all lived in Santiago, Chile. Additional anamnestic and clinical data were available for 3 patients: all spontaneously regurgitated the parasites without having other gastrointestinal complaints. All 3 reported eating ceviche, a dish made of raw marine fish marinated in lemon juice. One patient reported a tingling sensation and coughs before the expulsion of a highly motile larva (Video). This patient was awaiting oral surgery after a bicycle accident and had eaten the last raw fish dish 2 weeks previously. Initially, parasites were identified by morphologic criteria. Larvae were 20 mm long, were of whitish to reddish color, and had 3 anterior lips (Technical Appendix Figure 1). Because of the presence of an anteriorly directed cecum (Technical Appendix Figure 2), they were assigned to Pseudoterranova species.
Video
Actively mobile larva of Pseudoterranova cattani after oral expulsion.
For further molecular identification, DNA samples were extracted by using a DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (QIAGEN K.K., Tokyo, Japan). The rRNA gene containing 2 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions was amplified by PCR using primers NC5 and NC2, as previously described (5). PCR products were sequenced by using a BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, CA, USA) on an automated sequencer (ABI3100, Applied Biosystems). Sequence similarities were determined by a BLAST search of DDBJ (http://blast.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/top-j.html). The GENETYX-WIN program version 7.0 (Software Development Co., Tokyo, Japan) facilitated sequence alignment and comparison. Within the 4 ITS sequences of amplicons obtained, all were 100% identical, and alignment with the other P. cattani sequence differed only in 1 nt. ITS sequences of 2 isolates are available in GenBank (accession nos. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF781284","term_id":"576106588","term_text":"KF781284"}}KF781284 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF781285","term_id":"576106589","term_text":"KF781285"}}KF781285). All P. cattani sequences showed a previously described deletion of ≈14 bases (Table), which is not observed in other members of the P. decipiens species complex (5).
Table
Alignment (comparison) of nucleotide sequences of the ITS1 gene of Pseudoterranova cattani and the Chilean specimen and P. decipiens*
This study identified P. cattani as a parasite capable of infecting humans. The definitive natural host of this parasite is the South American sea lion, Otaria byronia. At least 4 species of coastal fish were described as intermediate or paratenic hosts, including popular Chilean food fish species, such as Merluccius gayi, Genypterus maculatus, and Cilus gilberti (6). The spectrum of species causing human pseudoterranovosis is uncertain because most cases were reported as P. decipiens (sensu lato) or Pseudoterranova sp. Only recently, 1 case of P. azarasi infection has been documented in a patient from Japan (7). Although comparative studies are lacking, Pseudoterranova larvae seem to be less invasive and cause milder symptoms than Anisakis larvae (2,8). In the cases reported here, larvae were spontaneously expelled without further symptoms, except in 1 patient who reported the typical feature of noninvasive pseudoterranovosis, also described as “tingling throat syndrome” (8), a foreign body sensation accompanied by cough and retching. In Chile, ≈30 human cases have been reported, all diagnosed as P. decipiens or Pseudoterranova sp. by morphologic criteria (9,10). Most patients described mild oropharyngeal complaints and cough. More severe manifestations similar to parasitic pharyngitis caused by Fasciola hepatica or Linguatula serrata seem to be absent, although 1 patient had symptoms of asphyxia (9). The extent to which these cases in Chile were caused by P. cattani is uncertain because molecular diagnosis was not performed. The length of stay and location within the human gastrointestinal tract of Pseudoterranova larvae are unknown, but as indicated by 1 case in our report, lack of symptoms for up to 2 weeks is possible.
These cases demonstrate that P. cattani is an incidental human parasite causing oropharygeal pseudoterranovosis. To better understand the epidemiology and clinical relevance of these emerging fishborne zoonotic infections, molecular diagnostic techniques need to be more widely applied, especially in regions where raw fish is part of the regular diet, such as in many parts of South America.
31 citations
TL;DR: The wide diversity and substantial geographical distributions of these nematodes will provide a foundation for future studies of Anisakidae family and may pose considerable food safety problems, which is a potential cause of human anisakiasis.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A case of epigastralgia with direct diagnosis by endoscopy is reported, which further study pointed out H. Aduncum as causal agent, a anisakis which is rarely involved in human anisakiasis.
Abstract: Anisakis parasitization has been on the rise because some factors, like increased interest in dishes consisting of raw fish. We report a case of epigastralgia with direct diagnosis by endoscopy, which futher study pointed out H. Aduncum as causal agent, a anisakis which is rarely involved in human anisakiasis.
TL;DR: The prevalence of potentially zoonotic anisakid larvae in spotted mackerel caught from Taiwanese waters is investigated and the concise characterization of multiple Anisakis spp.
TL;DR: Case studies comparing Mediterranean vs Atlantic fish stocks in a multidisciplinary framework are used, using the generalized Procrustes Rotation to assess the association between host genetics and larval Anisakis spp.
Abstract: The unique environment of the Mediterranean Sea makes fish stock assessment a major challenge. Stock identification of Mediterranean fisheries has been based mostly from data on biology, morphometrics, artificial tags, otolith shape and fish genetics, with less effort on the use of parasites as biomarkers. Here we use some case studies comparing Mediterranean vs Atlantic fish stocks in a multidisciplinary framework. The generalized Procrustes Rotation (PR) was used to assess the association between host genetics and larval Anisakis spp. datasets on demersal (hake) and pelagic (horse mackerel, swordfish) species. When discordant results emerged, they were due to the different features of the data. While fish population genetics can detect changes over an evolutionary timescale, providing indications on the cohesive action of gene flow, parasites are more suitable biomarkers when considering fish stocks over smaller temporal and spatial scales, hence giving information of fish movements over their lifespan. Future studies on the phylogeographic analysis of parasites suitable as biomarkers, and that of their fish host, performed on the same genes, will represent a further tool to be included in multidisciplinary studies on fish stock structure.
TL;DR: T trimming the fillets of beaked redfish by removal of most of the belly flaps would significantly reduce the probability of anisakid nematode larvae to be present in the final product.
TL;DR: The results obtained showed a significant activity of the compound against Anisakis larvae, suggesting further investigation on its potential use in the industrial marinating process, also due the sensory attributes resulting from its use and its relatively safe status.
Abstract: The aim of this work is to evaluate the activity of R(+) limonene of against Anisakidae larvae. Its effectiveness was tested in vitro . The results obtained showing a significant activity of the compound against Anisakis larvae, suggesting further investigation on its potential use in the industrial marinating process. In this regard, the use of R(+) limonene in seafood products could be interesting, also due the sensory attributes resulting from its use and its relatively safe status.
TL;DR: Measured pH and biogenic amine profile during storage indicated that certain biochemical conditions trigger larval migration into fillets, and cadaverine and putrescine levels correlated the most with the post-mortem migration at 4°C, while tyramine levels were significant at both temperatures.
TL;DR: Morphological and genetic profiles confirmed the identification of Anisakis typica as a new host record for A. typica and a phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the presence of different clades under the same name as the larval H. deardorffoverstreetorum.
Abstract: Morphological and genetic data on the larvae of Anisakidae parasitizing the sandperches Pseudopercis numida and Pinguipes brasilianus were recorded from Cabo Frio, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (23°S, 42°W). Twenty-five specimens of P. numida and 25 specimens of P. brasilianus were necropsied. The 352 larvae collected included 1 Anisakis sp., 344 Hysterothylacium sp., and 7 Raphidascaris sp. We present mtDNA sequence data for Anisakis sp. and Hysterothylacium sp., and we sequenced the ITS ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Hysterothylacium sp. and Raphidascaris sp. The morphological and genetic profiles confirmed the identification of Anisakis typica (Diesing, 1860). Hysterothylacium sp. and Raphidascaris sp. were not identified to the species level due to the absence of similar sequences for adult parasites. The mtDNA sequence of Hysterothylacium sp. from P. numida showed a high similarity to the sequence of Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum. However, a phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the presence of different clades under the same name as the larval H. deardorffoverstreetorum. Pseudopercis numida is a new host record for A. typica.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that nutmeg exerts antihelmintic effects on Anisakis simplex, being myristicin one of the active compounds.
TL;DR: Results suggest that A. pegreffii has the pathogenic potential to cause anisakidosis in humans when ingested, as does A. simplex (s.s.), which was introduced into rats by gastric intubation and investigated in vivo.
Abstract: The pathogenic potentials of two sibling nematodes Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and A. pegreffii were compared by in vitro and in vivo studies. Live third-stage larvae of each species were subjected to agar blocks made using PBS or RPMI-1640, overlaid with different supernatants (artificial gastric juice, PBS, and RPMI-1640), and their penetration ability was compared. Their tolerance of artificial gastric juice was also tested. Further, they were introduced into rats by gastric intubation, and the in vivo locations of them were investigated. A. pegreffii showed higher penetration ability than A. simplex (s.s.) in most of the experimental conditions, except for the RPMI-1640 agar block overlaid with artificial gastric juice. In an acid tolerance test, the mean survival times were 6.1 days for A. simplex (s.s.) and 4.2 days for A. pegreffii. In an animal experiment, A. simplex (s.s.) stayed for a shorter time in the stomachs of rats than A. pegreffii. Some A. pegreffii and A. simplex (s.s.) were embedded in the gastric mucosa or freely existed in the abdominal cavity. All of these results suggest that A. pegreffii has the pathogenic potential to cause anisakidosis in humans when ingested, as does A. simplex (s.s.).
TL;DR: A 63-year-old Japanese male was diagnosed with a small early gastric cancerous lesion associated with gastric anisakiasis, a nematode infection caused by the ingestion of larvae-infected raw or undercooked fish.
Abstract: Gastrointestinal anisakidosis is a nematode infection caused by the ingestion of larvae-infected raw or undercooked fish. The Japanese like to eat raw or undercooked fish, so gastric anisakiasis is a common disease in Japan. However, reports of anisakiasis with gastrointestinal cancer are rare. A 63-year-old Japanese male was diagnosed with a small early gastric cancerous lesion associated with gastric anisakiasis. From our experience and based on a review of the literature, the attachment of an anisakis larva to early gastric cancer is not considered accidental.
TL;DR: In an assessment of the Adriatic Sea and oceans worldwide, the genetic structure of Anisakis revealed that A. pegreffii populations do not differ among various final host species but do differ with respect to geographical location in contrast to previously accepted Anisaki panmixia.
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: This study suggests, for the first time, that myctophids could play a role as paratenic hosts in the oceanic life-cycle of A. pegreffii and A. physeteris in the western Mediterranean.
Abstract: Myctophids (lantern fish) and cephalopods play a key role in trophic webs from the continental slope and oceanic waters linking the zooplankton to top predators. Many cetaceans feed on both lantern fish and cephalopods, and such prey would thus be expected to bridge the trophic gap in the life-cycles of helminths infecting cetaceans. However, information on the life-cycles of most of these helminths is extremely scanty. We examined the parasite fauna of myctophids and cephalopods in two areas from the western Mediterranean where at least 21 helminth taxa from cetaceans have been reported and both cetacean diversity and abundance is high. A total of 1012 individuals of 8 lantern fish species, namely, Ceratoscopelus maderensis, Lampanyctus crocodilus, Notoscopelus elongatus, Benthosema glaciale, Myctophum punctatum, Lobianchia dofleini, Diaphus holti and Hygophum benoiti, and 792 individuals of 2 cephalopod species, Alloteuthis media and Sepietta oweniana, were collected from the Gulf of Valencia and Alboran Sea (Spanish Mediterranean) during 2010–2012 and examined for larval helminths. All these species have been reported as prey for at least some cetacean species in the area. Only five helminth taxa were found. The nematodes Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis physeteris were detected in N. elongatus and C. maderensis (overall prevalence for Anisakis: 8.1% and 0.5%, respectively). Their prevalence in N. elongatus was significantly higher than that from the other three myctophid species with n>50 individuals. A single individual of Hysterothylacium sp. was found in N. elongatus (prevalence: 0.5%) and Raphidascarididae gen. spp. in N. elongatus and L. crocodilus (prevalence: 20.3% and 0.7%, respectively). Juvenile didymozoid digeneans (Torticaecum type) were detected in N. elongatus and L. crocodilus (prevalence: 18.5% and 4.3%, respectively). Two unidentified cestode plerocercoids were collected from N. elongatus. Our study suggests, for the first time, that myctophids could play a role as paratenic hosts in the oceanic life-cycle of A. pegreffii and A. physeteris in the western Mediterranean. None of the other larvae identified at least to family level infect cetaceans, but some of them can be transmitted to large predatory fish. The extreme scarcity of such cetacean parasites in this, and previous parasitological surveys of mesopelagic fish and cephalopods is at odds with the key role of these preys in the diet of oceanic cetaceans.
TL;DR: It is suggested that in the marine environment of the Western Iberian Peninsula, both anadromous shad species act as paratenic hosts for A. pegreffii, thus widening the distribution of the infective nematode larvae from the marine to the freshwater ecosystem.
Abstract: Spawning individuals of allis shad, Alosa alosa (Linnaeus, 1758), and twaite shad, Alosa fallax (Lacepede, 1803), were sampled from three rivers on the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula (Ulla, Minho, Mondego) during 2008 to 2013 to assess the presence of the zoonotic marine parasite Anisakis spp. larvae. The results revealed that both shad species were infected by third-larval stage Anisakis simplex s.s. and Anisakis pegreffii. The latter is reported in mixed infections in both shad species of Western Iberian Peninsula for the first time. In A. alosa, the prevalence of Anisakis infection can reach 100%, while in A. fallax, prevalence was up to 83%. Infected individuals of the former species also often contain much higher number of parasites in theirs internal organs and flesh: from 1 to 1138 Anisakis spp. larvae as compared to 1 to 121 larvae, respectively. In general, numbers of A. pegreffii were higher than those of A. simplex s.s. Our results suggest that in the marine environment of the Western Iberian Peninsula, both anadromous shad species act as paratenic hosts for A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii, thus widening the distribution of the infective nematode larvae from the marine to the freshwater ecosystem. This finding is of great epidemiological relevance for wildlife managers and consumers, considering the zoonotic and gastroallergic threats posed of these parasites.
TL;DR: This mitochondrial genome of Pseudoterranova azarasi provides a novel genetic markers for exploring cryptic/sibling species and host affiliations, and should have implications for the diagnosis, prevention and control of anisakidosis in humans.
TL;DR: AITC is a good candidate for further investigation as a biocidal agent against Anisakis larvae during the industrial marinating process.
TL;DR: Total Anisakidae prevalence was positively correlated with length, weight and condition factor of the host and with the depth of the capture site, and no significant correlation was observed between anisakid prevalence and geographical sector of capture.
TL;DR: Two small cetaceans, a bottlenose dolphin and a harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoenA, presented marked gastric A. simplex infection, as well as chronic granulomatous and ulcerative dermatitis with intralesional nematodes, bordered by epithelial hyperplasia.
Abstract: Cetaceans are well known definitive hosts of parasitic nematodes of the genus Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae). Anisakid nematodes are also a health hazard for humans, potentially causing gastrointestinal infections or allergic reactions following the consumption of infected fish. In marine mammals, the nematodes develop from third-stage larvae to adults in the stomachs. In the first (or fore-) stomach, these parasites are typically associated with mucosal ulceration; parasites have not been identified in other organs. Two small cetaceans, a bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus and a harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena, presented marked gastric A. simplex infection, as well as chronic granulomatous and ulcerative dermatitis with intralesional nematodes, bordered by epithelial hyperplasia. Nematodes in the skin of the bottlenose dolphin were morphologically similar to Anisakis spp. Morphology of the parasitic remnants in the skin lesion of the harbour porpoise was indistinct, but molecular identification confirmed the presence of A. simplex. This is the first report of Anisakis spp. infection in the skin of marine mammals.
TL;DR: The helminth fauna of 31 juvenile specimens of Eretmochelys imbricata from the Brazilian coast was examined, and the first analysis of parasite communities in this host was conducted.
Abstract: The helminth fauna of 31 juvenile specimens of Eretmochelys imbricata from the Brazilian coast was examined. Seventeen individuals were infected with helminths (54.8%). The helminths found were: Diaschistorchis pandus, Cricocephalus albus, Metacetabulum invaginatum, Pronocephalus obliquus (Pronocephalidae), Cymatocarpus solearis (Brachycoeliidae), Styphlotrema solitaria (Styphlotrematidae), Carettacola stunkardi, Amphiorchis caborojoensis (Spirorchiidae), Orchidasma amphiorchis (Telorchiidae), and Anisakis nematode larvae. This report is the first analysis of parasite communities in this host.
TL;DR: Molecular analysis was performed on Anisakis larvae from the sea eels collected from Tongyeong City, a southern coastal area of Korea, and found that A. pegreffii is the major species of anisakid larvae in sea eel of the southern coast of Korea.
Abstract: Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.), Anisakis pegreffii, Anisakis berlandi (=A. simplex sp. C), and Anisakis typica are the 4 major species of Anisakis type I larvae. In the Republic of Korea (Korea), A. pegreffii, A. berlandi, and A. typica larvae in fish hosts has seldom been documented. In this study, molecular analysis was performed on Anisakis larvae from the sea eels (Astroconger myriaster), the major source of human anisakiasis in Korea, collected from Tongyeong City, a southern coastal area of Korea. All 20 sea eels examined were infected with Anisakis type I larvae (160 larvae; 8 per fish). Their species were analyzed using PCR-RFLP patterns and nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, 5.8 subunit gene, and ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 2 (cox2). Most (86.8%; 112/129) of the Anisakis type I larvae were A. pegreffii, and 7.8% (10/129) were A. typica. The remaining 5.4% (7/129) was not identified. Thus, A. pegreffii is the major species of anisakid larvae in sea eels of the southern coast of Korea.