Showing papers on "Antimony published in 2004"
TL;DR: Based on first-principles calculations, a model for large-size-mismatched group-V dopants in ZnO agrees with the recent observations that both As and Sb have low acceptor-ionization energies and that to obtain p-type Zn O requires O-rich growth or annealing conditions.
Abstract: Based on first-principles calculations, a model for large-size-mismatched group-V dopants in ZnO is proposed. The dopants do not occupy the O sites as is widely perceived, but rather the Zn sites: each forms a complex with two spontaneously induced Zn vacancies in a process that involves fivefold As coordination. Moreover, an As(Zn)-2V(Zn) complex may have lower formation energy than any of the parent defects. Our model agrees with the recent observations that both As and Sb have low acceptor-ionization energies and that to obtain p-type ZnO requires O-rich growth or annealing conditions.
600 citations
TL;DR: Oxidation of sand tailings has resulted in localised mobility of both Sb and As on the cm scale, resulting in redistribution of these metalloids with iron oxyhydroxide around sand grain boundaries, and experiments demonstrate that Sb mobility decreases with time on a scale of days.
179 citations
TL;DR: The surface analysis of the freshly prepared electrodes indicates that the Sb/Sn ratio in the electrode surface is similar to the nominal composition in the precursor solution, but the amount of Pt is higher than this nominal composition as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Several antimony- and antimony−platinum-doped tin dioxide electrodes supported on titanium have been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for surface analysis and secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for in-depth profile analysis. The surface analysis of the freshly prepared electrodes indicates that the Sb/Sn ratio in the electrode surface is similar to the nominal composition in the precursor solution, but the amount of Pt is higher than this nominal composition. The presence of platinum also produces the segregation of Sb near the electrode surface. The anodic polarization treatment of the electrode produces changes in its chemical state. The growth of a passivating hydroxide in the outer layer is the main cause of the deactivation of Ti/SnO2−Sb electrodes. The introduction of platinum in the layer prevents the hydroxide formation and modifies the deactivation mechanism of the electrode. The growth of an isolating TiO2 between the support and the active oxide produces the deactivat...
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles were synthesized by mild hydrothermal method free from the widely used metal chlorides, and the obtained particles were characterized by means of XRD, BET, Hall effect measurements, XPS and TEM.
99 citations
TL;DR: Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by the coprecipitation method from the starting materials granulated tin and Sb2O3 for the first time as discussed by the authors.
83 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrical and optical properties of these films have been investigated as a function of dopant concentration, which was varied between 0 and 10 mol% of antimony.
81 citations
TL;DR: Solvothermal synthesis affords access to the first truly three-dimensional antimony-sulfide framework which contains one-dimensional circular channels.
Abstract: Solvothermal synthesis affords access to the first truly three-dimensional antimony-sulfide framework which contains one-dimensional circular channels.
81 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of reaction time, temperature, zinc dust quantity and concentration of copper and antimony activators has been studied on the process of activated cementation of Co and Ni from industrial zinc sulfate solutions.
74 citations
TL;DR: The microwave aqua regia digestion was found to give better elemental extraction and analytical variability for the widest range of elements compared to the open aqua-regia digestion as mentioned in this paper, with the emphasis on obtaining optimal analytical results for the volatiles As and Sb.
Abstract: Recommended alternative digestion methods for elemental analysis of soil often omit arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) as viable analytes. In addition, comparisons of these methods for analysis of a wide range of elements by ICP-OES are few, limiting the viability of recommended methods. Four methods for the digestion of soils (microwave aqua regia, open aqua regia, microwave nitric, and open nitric) were assessed in seven field soil samples analyzed by ICP-OES. Relative extraction strength and analytical precision were compared for 18 elements [aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and zinc (Zn)] with the emphasis on obtaining optimal analytical results for the volatiles As and Sb. The microwave aqua regia digestion was found to give better elemental extraction and analytical variability for the widest ra...
70 citations
TL;DR: Antimony and arsenic are potentially toxic in the environment when dissolved in water at low levels (<0·01 mg/l) as mentioned in this paper, and they are commonly mobilised into the environment from mesothermal mineral deposits.
Abstract: Antimony and arsenic are commonly mobilised into the environment from mesothermal mineral deposits. Both these metalloids are potentially toxic in the environment when dissolved in water at low levels (<0·01 mg/l). Mobility of antimony, in comparison to that of arsenic, is documented at mine sites in four different mesothermal systems in low grade Palaeozoic-Mesozoic metamorphic terranes of New Zealand (Globe Hill, Reefton; Macraes, Otago; and Endeavour Inlet, Marlborough) and Australia (Hillgrove, New South Wales). Dissolved antimony can reach ~50 mg/kg in mine waters where evaporative concentration occurs in oxidised near-neutral pH mine waters in contact with stibnite. Such waters are chemically saturated with respect to antimony oxides, and antimony oxide precipitation occurs locally. Most mine waters have lower dissolved Sb concentrations, especially where high rainfall causes dilution. However, high rainfall areas have widespread diffuse mobilisation of both Sb and As to give elevated backgr...
65 citations
TL;DR: The synthesis and characterization of neat As(N 3)5 and Sb(N3)5, and their conversion to the As( N3)6 and S b(N2)6 anions, respectively are communicated.
Abstract: : The binary arsenic- and antimony azide species AS(N3)3, As(N3)4+, As(N3)4-, As(N3)6-, Sb(N3)3, Sb(N3)4+, Sb(N3)4- and Sb(N3)6- have previously been reported, and the crystal structures of As(N3)3, Sb(N3)3 and As(N3)6- were determined. In addition, the Lewis based stabilized species M(N3)5-LB (M=As,Sb; LB=pyridine, quinoline NH3, N2H4, NH2CN) were published. However, previous attempts to obtain the neat pentaazides of arsenic and antimony were not successful. Even at low temperatures, attempted syntheses resulted in explosions that were described as "so intense that only pulverized glass remained." Furthermore, As(N3)5 was predicted to be a "highly unstable compound," based on its analogy to AsCl5. In this paper, we wish to communicate the synthesis and characterization of neat As(N3)5 and Sb(N3)5, and their conversion to the As(N3)6 and Sb(N3)6 anions, respectively. We also report the crystal structure of P(C6H5)4Sb(N3)6.
TL;DR: Sb 2 O 3 nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 80 nm were synthesized by vapor condensation method and their characteristics were investigated by means of TEM, XRD, differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: Several antimony and platinum doped tin dioxide electrodes supported on titanium have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Xray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) techniques as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Several antimony and platinum doped tin dioxide electrodes supported on titanium have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) techniques Ti/SnO2−Sb electrodes show a rutile-type nanostructure with a distorted unit-cell because of the substitution of the Sn(IV) ion by Sb(V) The presence of platinum on the electrode coating modifies the lattice parameters of the SnO2 cell due to an amorphization of tin oxide layers The structural modifications on the different electrode after anodic polarization−deactivation have been analyzed
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of Sb ions, introduced as dopants in α-Bi 2 O 3, on the structure of the oxide polymorph forms obtained at high temperature was investigated.
Abstract: The present study investigates the influence of Sb ions, introduced as dopants in α-Bi 2 O 3 , on the structure of the oxide polymorph forms obtained at high temperature. The structural changes of α-Bi 2 O 3 for compositions in the system Bi 2-x Sb x O 3 (x=0, 0.05, 0,1, 0.15, 0.2), at different thermal treatment temperatures were analyzed by thermal analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and infrared transmission spectroscopy. A tendency of the structure to change to a higher symmetry (monoclinic → tetragonal → cubic) was observed, as the content in antimony increased and the temperature reached 850 °C. The presence of Sb 2 O 3 in the Bi 2 O 3 oxide system promotes an oxygen release from the oxide and enlarges the stabilization domain of the δ-phase.
TL;DR: In this paper, the sheet resistance of antimony-doped tin oxide (Sb) was found to be 2.17 V/A. To the best of our knowledge, this is the lowest sheet resistance obtained for Sb doped thin �lms.
TL;DR: The proposed method for the speciation of inorganic and organic antimony species by using a polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based anion-exchange HPLC column coupled to hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) can be considered reliable and straightforward for antimony speciation in fresh water samples.
TL;DR: The polyoxovanadate containing antimony was synthesized from a mixture of VOSO4, Sb2O3, en and H2O under hydrothermal conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, the spontaneous formation of complex interfacial patterns from thermally deposited Sb4 clusters on HOPG is controlled by the deposition conditions (i.e., coverage and deposition rate) at constant t
Abstract: The spontaneous formation of complex interfacial patterns from thermally deposited Sb4 clusters on HOPG is controlled by the deposition conditions (i.e., coverage and deposition rate) at constant t...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduced a simple method of synthesizing segregated thin antimony nanowires based on the principle that nanoparticles can spontaneously self-assemble into crystalline nanowsires (∼20 nm) in the absence of any rigid templates at room temperature.
Abstract: For the first time, we introduced a simple method of synthesizing segregated thin antimony nanowires based on the principle that nanoparticles can spontaneously self-assemble into crystalline nanowires (∼20 nm) in the absence of any rigid templates at room temperature. By collecting electron energy loss spectra from individual Sb nanowires with different diameters, we investigated the effect of nanowire diameter on plasmon excitations in Sb nanowires. As the diameter of Sb nanowire decreases, we find that the peak energy of surface plasmon shifts toward the lower energy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the feasibility of the removal of antimony from model acid solutions simulating copper electrorefining and spent lead/lead oxide acid battery solutions by an electrochemical method.
TL;DR: An almost perfect square-antiprismatic geometry is observed for Sb 82+ (see picture), as predicted by the Wade rules.
Abstract: An almost perfect square-antiprismatic geometry is observed for Sb 82+ (see picture), as predicted by the Wade rules. The title compound, which was synthesized in benzene at room temperature, repre ...
TL;DR: In this article, the capabilities and limitations of the continuous flow injection hydride generation technique coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry for the speciation of major antimony species in seawater were investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new method was developed for simultaneous determination of trace arsenic and antimony in Chinese herbal medicines by hydride generation-double channel atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a Soxhlet extraction system and an n -octanol-water extraction system, respectively.
TL;DR: Euhedral macrocrystals of Pt-Fe alloy from the Kondyor PGE placer, Khabarovskiy Kray, eastern Siberia, Russia, have a relatively constant composition of Pt2.4-2.6Fe, tin and antimony contents up to 0.3 wt.%, and an unusually low content of all PGE except Pt. The macrocystals have a complex gold-rich rim, with four groups of gold alloy: tetra-auricupride (the most abundant gold-bearing phase), Au-Ag
Abstract: Euhedral macrocrystals of Pt–Fe alloy from the Kondyor PGE placer, Khabarovskiy Kray, eastern Siberia, Russia, have a relatively constant composition of Pt2.4–2.6Fe, tin and antimony contents up to 0.3 wt.%, and an unusually low content of all PGE except Pt. The millimetric crystals contain inclusions of fluorapatite, titanite, phlogopite, magnetite, ilmenite and iron–copper sulfides. The macrocrystals have a complex gold-rich rim, with four groups of gold alloy: tetra-auricupride (the most abundant gold-bearing phase), Au–Ag (98–54 wt.% Au), Au–Ag–Cu–Pd and Au–Pd–Cu alloys. The inner part of the reaction rim hosts a variety of PGE minerals, such as stannides, antimonides and tellurobismuthides of Pd and Pt. Stannides occur as copper-bearing (taimyrite–tatyanaite series) and copper-free compounds (atokite–rustenburgite series). The main antimony mineral is Sn-bearing mertieite-II. Tellurobismuthides are represented by Te-rich sobolevskite and an intermediate member of the moncheite–insizwaite solid-solution series. The reaction rim also hosts several unknown phases, such as Pd7Bi3, Pd3Bi, Bi2O3•3H2O, and a phosphocarbonate of thorium. The coarse crystals occur in eluvial and alluvial placers within the Kondyor massif, a zoned clinopyroxenite–dunite intrusion of Paleozoic or Mesozoic age. The inclusion assemblage suggests that the macrocrystals of Pt– Fe alloy are associated with late apatite – magnetite – phlogopite clinopyroxenite bodies, and possibly formed in a late–magmatic pegmatitic environment. The Pt–Fe alloy crystals have undergone hydrothermal overprint by NaCl-rich solutions bearing gold – silver – palladium – copper, which produced a wide variety of intermetallic compounds as well as Pd-bearing intermetallic phases. The aqueous solutions also had a minor but characteristic bismuth – tin – antimony – tellurium component.
TL;DR: In this paper, the maximum bubble pressure method has been used to measure the surface tension of pure antimony and surface tension and density (dilatometric method) of Sn-3.8 at%Ag eutectic base alloys with 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 molar fraction of antimony at a temperature range from 550 to 1200 K.
Abstract: The maximum bubble pressure method has been used to measure the surface tension of pure antimony and the surface tension and density (dilatometric method) of Sn-3.8 at%Ag eutectic base alloys with 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 molar fraction of antimony at a temperature range from 550 to 1200 K. The linear dependencies of surface tension and density on temperature were observed and they were described by straight-line equations. Moreover, experimental determination of phase diagram and thermodynamic calculations in the Sn-Ag-Sb system were performed and the resulting optimized thermodynamic parameters were used for modeling of the surface tension. In addition, a non-equilibrium solidification process using the Scheil model was simulated and compared with the equilibrium solidification behavior of a Sn-Ag-Sb alloy.
TL;DR: The first bismuth calixarene complex was prepared by treatment of p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene (ButC8) with Bi[N(SiMe3)2]3 in toluene.
TL;DR: Correlations were obtained between the total concentrations of three elements in soils and in alfalfa plants, and excepting for antimony in the northern samples, higher correlation coefficients were evaluated when the extractable fractions were considered.
Abstract: Following our research on copper, arsenic and antimony in Chilean ecosystems, a study to understand the mobility and transport of these elements from soil to plants was carried out. So, the aim of this study, which follows on from the previous work, was to demonstrate if the total concentrations of these elements or their fractions extracted by 0.05 M EDTA pH 7 from different Chilean soils correlate with the respective total concentrations in the edible tissue of alfalfa plants collected simultaneously from 20 different sites affected or unaffected by mining activities. The highest copper fractions extracted by EDTA solutions were obtained in contaminated soils from the central region (41–69%); however the northern soils presented the highest extractable fractions of arsenic (9–34%). The antimony fraction was low in all soils (0.4–8.0%). Alfalfa plants from all contaminated sites presented high copper, arsenic and antimony concentrations (19–126 mg kg−1, 5.7–16.3 mg kg−1 and 0.16–1.7 mg kg−1, respectively). Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the total contents of copper and arsenic and their respective extractable fractions in soils. Good correlations were found between elements in alfalfa plants. Correlations were also obtained between the total concentrations of three elements in soils and in alfalfa plants. However, excepting for antimony in the northern samples, higher correlation coefficients were evaluated when the extractable fractions were considered. Samples from the north region presented the highest copper transfer factor and the lowest for arsenic, in spite of the high concentration of this metalloid extracted by EDTA solution in these soils. There was not a clear trend on the transfer factor for antimony, probably due to the low content of this element in alfalfa plants and/or the low recovery obtained for this element by EDTA.
TL;DR: By refluxing antimony trichloride and thiourea in various solvents at suitable reaction conditions, antimony sulfide (Sb 2 S 3 ) crystallites with a diversity of well-defined morphologies were synthesized as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis of SnO2/Pd composite films was carried out by depositing antimony doped SnO 2 films by magnetron sputtering technique and evaporating a thin layer of palladium on the top of it.
TL;DR: The evaluation of the in vitro genotoxicities of five antimony compounds-potassium antimony tartrate, stibine, potassium hexahydroxyantimonate, trimethylantimony dichloride, and trimethylstibine-using a plasmid DNA-nicking assay is reported.