Showing papers on "Citric acid published in 1989"
TL;DR: The strong acidification of the rhizosphere and the cation/anion uptake ratio of the plants strongly suggests that proteoid roots of white lupin excrete citric acid, rather than citrate, into the Rhizosphere leading to intensive chemical extraction of a limited soil volume.
Abstract: . White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) was grown for 13 weeks in a phosphorus (P) deficient calcareous soil (20% CaCO3, pH(H2O)7.5) which had been sterilized prior to planting and fertilized with nitrate as source of nitrogen. In response to P deficiency, proteoid roots developed which accounted for about 50% of the root dry weight. In the rhizosphere soil of the proteoid root zones, the pH dropped to 4.8 and abundant white precipitates became visible. X-ray spectroscopy and chemical analysis showed that these precipitates consisted of calcium citrate. The amount of citrate released as root exudate by 13-week-old plants was about 1 g plant−1, representing about 23% of the total plant dry weight at harvest. In the rhizosphere soil of the proteoid root zones the concentrations of available P decreased and of available Fe, Mn and Zn increased. The strong acidification of the rhizosphere and the cation/anion uptake ratio of the plants strongly suggests that proteoid roots of white lupin excrete citric acid, rather than citrate, into the rhizosphere leading to intensive chemical extraction of a limited soil volume. In a calcareous soil, citric acid excretion leads to dissolution of CaCO3 and precipitation of calcium citrate in the zone of proteoid roots.
680 citations
TL;DR: The inhibition of L. monocytogenes in the presence of high acidity appears to be a function of acid and incubation temperature, and based on equal pH values, the antimicrobial activity is AA > LA > CA ≥ MA > HCl at all incubation times and temperatures.
190 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the metal to complexing functional groups molar ratio (M/CG) of organo-ferric and organoaluminous complexes with various metal :C ratios were prepared and incubated for 44 days in an Eutrochrept A1 horizon.
Abstract: Synthetic organo-ferric and organo-aluminous complexes with various metal :C ratios were prepared and incubated for 44 days in an Eutrochrept A1 horizon. Citric acid was used as a model of a natural soil acid. Fungal melanins synthesized by Epicoccum purpurescens were separated in fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like polymers and used as models for natural transformed soil organic matter. Under certain conditions, the biodegradation of such metal-organic complexes was slower than that of the free forms of the corresponding organic compounds. The intensity of this protective effect depended mainly on the metal to complexing functional groups molar ratio (M/CG) of the complexes and was also related to their aqueous solubility. For some organics, the protective effect was observed at ratios exceeding the saturation of their complexing sites, and sometimes needed a metal content exceeding more than twice their complexing capacity. In such cases, the formation of a flocculated metallic hydroxide trapping and wrapping the organic molecules is suggested to account better for the observed protective effect than chemical binding per se. As the solubility of the “humic” acids decreased faster than that of the “fulvic” ones when their metallic charge increased, the biodegradability of the former decreased more rapidly than that of the latter by metal complexing. For the same reasons, citric acid was more protected by complexing Al than Fe. The protective effect of both aluminium and iron against the biodegradation of all types of organic matter was high and of a comparable intensity at high M/CG molar ratios. These data are interpreted in terms of pedological processes.
163 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that high concentrations of certain carbon sources are required for high citrate yields, because they induce the appropriate metabolic imbalance required for acidogenesis.
Abstract: The influence of various carbon sources and their concentration on the production of citrate by Aspergillus niger has been investigated. The sugars maltose, sucrose, glucose, mannose and fructose (in the given order) were carbon sources giving high yields of citric acid. Optimal yields were observed at sugar concentrations of 10% (w/v), with the exception of glucose (7.5%). No citric acid was produced on media containing less than 2.5% sugar. Precultivation of A. niger on 1% sucrose and transference to a 14% concentration of various other sugars induced citrate accumulation. This could be blocked by the addition of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of de novo protein synthesis. This induction was achieved using maltose, sucrose, glucose, mannose and fructose, and also by some other carbon sources (e.g. glycerol) that gave no citric acid accumulation in direct fermentation. Precultivation of A. niger at high (14%) sucrose concentrations and subsequent transfer to the same concentrations of various other carbohydrates, normally not leading to citric acid production, led to formation of citrate. Endogenous carbon sources were also converted to citrate under these conditions. A 14%-sucrose precultivated mycelium continued producing some citrate upon transfer to 1% sugar. These results indicate that high concentrations of certain carbon sources are required for high citrate yields, because they induce the appropriate metabolic imbalance required for acidogenesis.
151 citations
TL;DR: Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes CA and V7 by of acetic, citric, and lactic acids at 7, 13, 21, and 35°C was investigated.
149 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors classified root responses to Fe deficiency into two different strategies: Strategy I is typical for dicots and monocots except for grasses (graminaceous species) and is characterized by increased plasma membrane-bound reductase activity, enhanced net excretion of protons and enhanced release of reducing compounds, mainly phenolics.
Abstract: Plants can mobilize iron (Fe) in the rhizosphere by non-specific and specific (adaptive) mechanisms. Non-specific mechanisms are, for example, rhizosphere acidification related to high cation-anion uptake ratios, or citric acid excretion. The specific mechanisms are root responses to Fe deficiency and can be classified into two different strategies. The Strategy I is typical for dicots and monocots except for grasses (graminaceous species) and is characterized by increased plasma membrane-bound reductase activity, enhanced net excretion of protons and enhanced release of reducing compounds, mainly phenolics. The reductase activity is stimulated by low pH, and with supply of FeIII chelates, ferric reduction at the plasma membrane takes place prior to uptake. In contrast, in graminaceous species (Strategy II) these root responses are absent, but enhancement of release of FeIII chelating compounds - phytosiderophores - takes place. These phytosiderophores are very efficient in mobilizing FeIII from artificially prepared sparingly soluble inorganic compounds (e.g. FeIII hydroxide) and from calcareous soils. The ferrated phytosiderophores are taken up by grasses at rates 102 to 103 times higher than Fe supplied either as synthetic chelate or microbial siderophores (e.g. ferrioxamine B), indicating a specific membrane transport system for ferrated phytosiderophores in roots of grasses. In calcareous soils phytosiderophores not only mobilize Fe, but also Zn, Mn, and Cu by chelation. However, only the FeIII phytosiderophores are taken up preferentially by Fe deficient grasses. The ecological advantages and disadvantages of Strategy I and Strategy II for Fe acquisition from calcareous soils are discussed.
136 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three samples each of soybean, sunflower and low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oils were evaluated for flavor and oxidative stability, and no significant differences were noted in initial flavor quality.
Abstract: Three samples each of soybean, sunflower and low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oils were evaluated for flavor and oxidative stability. The commercially refined and bleached oils were deodorized under identical conditions. No significant differences were noted in initial flavor quality. After storage at 25°C or 60°C in the dark, soybean oils—with or without citric acid—were more stable than either sunflower or LEAR oils. However, in the presence of citric acid, soybean oils were significantly less stable to light exposure than either LEAR or sunflower oils. In contrast, in the absence of citric acid, soybean oils were significantly more light stable than LEAR oils. In either the presence or absence of citric acid, sunflower oil was significantly more stable to light than soybean oil. Analyses by static headspace gas chromatography showed no significant differences in formation of total volatile compounds between soybean and LEAR oils. However, both oils developed significantly less total volatiles than the sunflower oils. Each oil type varied in flavor and oxidative stability depending on the oxidation method (light vs dark storage, absence vs presence of citric acid, 100°C vs 60°C).
109 citations
107 citations
TL;DR: Tests showed that the highest yield of solubilized zinc occurred with a 2.5% substrate (93% zinc extracted after 13 days), while the formation of citric acid by Penicillium sp.
Abstract: Zinc was extracted from a filter residue of a copper works (58.6% zinc) by a Penicillium sp. isolated from a metal-containing location. By isotachophoresis citric acid was identified as the leaching agent. Citrate was only formed when the leaching substrate was present. This production of citrate was different in several ways from that achieved by Aspergillus niger: glucose was utilized before fructose; the initial concentration of zinc was 50 to 500 times higher than usual in citrate fermentations with A. niger; citrate production stopped when 80 to 90% of the zinc was leached, although sufficient sugar for further synthesis was still present; and in synthetic media citrate production by A. niger needs an acidic environment (pH 2), while the formation of citric acid by Penicillium sp. occurred in a pH range of 7 to 4. Tests with different concentrations of waste material (0.5, 2.5, and 5%) showed that the highest yield of solubilized zinc occurred with a 2.5% substrate (93% zinc extracted after 13 days).
88 citations
TL;DR: The change from nitrogen-limited to phosphate-limited precultivation of immobilized spores significantly increased the productivity of the mycelium and the ratio of citric acid to residual sugar in the effluent distinctly lay in the direction ofcitric acid.
Abstract: Immobilized cells of Aspergillus niger needed a lower initial sucrose concentration than free cells in order to obtain maximal yields of citric acid production. High sucrose concentrations led to reduced yields and increased polyol formation (glycerol, erythritol, arabitol). Continuous fermentation with media containing low sugar concentrations prevented the formation of polyols. The change from nitrogen-limited to phosphate-limited precultivation of immobilized spores significantly increased the productivity of the mycelium. The ratio of citric acid to residual sugar in the effluent distinctly lay in the direction of citric acid. Inside the alginate beads mainly large bulbous cells were observed.
79 citations
TL;DR: The paper presents the results from ammonia limited batch and continuous fermentations using the yeast strain Saccharomycopsis (Candida) lipolytica (NRRL Y-7576), and cell and acid yields appeared to be almost the same inbatch and continuous culture.
Abstract: Citric acid is finding new areas of use each year and the demand for the acid is constantly increasing. Being a bulk chemical, the continuous production of citric acid would be advantageous. The paper presents the results from ammonia limited batch and continuous fermentations using the yeast strainSaccharomycopsis (Candida) lipolytica (NRRL Y-7576). Mathematical models were developed for growth and glucose utilization in batch and continuous culture. Cell and acid yields appeared to be almost the same in batch and continuous culture. The specific production rates were found to be constant, equal to 0.053 g/g h, in the batch fermentations but varied in the continuous experiments from 0 to 0.11 g/g h depending on the fermentation conditions. Continuous production in a single stage CSTR was studied for over 1,000 hours without shutdown.
Patent•
14 Apr 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a veterinary antibacterial composition is described which is viscosity stabilized, aqueous, topically adherent and forms a relatively tough, self-supporting film that adheres to the animal until removed by water washing.
Abstract: A veterinary antibacterial composition is described which is viscosity stabilized, aqueous, topically adherent and forms a relatively tough, self-supporting film that adheres to the animal until removed by water washing. The composition is an aqueous solution of: an aliphatic sulfate or sulfonate salt detergent; lactic acid or a food grade salt thereof; a bactericidal food grade organic acid selected from benzoic acid, sorbic acid, citric acid and lower alkanoic acids, and food grade salts thereof; a veterinarily acceptable food grade pectin or gum; and a veterinarily acceptable water soluble emollient selected from short chain aliphatic polyols of up to six carbon atoms; The composition is suitable, for example, as a teat dip and bacterial control approaching 100% is demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo testing.
Patent•
15 Mar 1989
TL;DR: A cleaning tablet for automatic cleaning of dentures in an aqueous solution, with a content of sodium hydrogen carbonate and/or sodium carbonate or carbonates, citric acid or citrate or citrates, sodium perborate, potassium monopersulphate, surfactants and foam forming agents, binders, lubricants and disintegrants, antimicrobial agents, carriers, carriers and flavoring/aromatizing substances, characterized in that the activator content is between 05 and 30% by weight of the total composition of the cleaning tablet, is
Abstract: Cleaning tablet for the automatic cleaning of dentures in an aqueous solution, with a content of sodium hydrogen carbonate and/or sodium carbonate or carbonates, citric acid or citrate or citrates, sodium perborate, potassium monopersulphate, surfactants and foam forming agents, binders, lubricants and disintegrants, antimicrobial agents, carriers, flavoring/aromatizing substances, at least one perborate/peroxide activator and at least one phosphorus compound, characterized in that the activator content is between 05 and 30% by weight of the total composition of the cleaning tablet, is the phosphorus compound is includes at least one hydrolysis-stable organic phosphonic acid and/or a salt thereof that acts as a stabilizing agent and having a content between 05 and 30% by weight of the total composition of the cleaning tablet and that the total composition of the cleaning tablet is free from inorganic phosphates/polyphosphates and organic sequestrants based on aminocarboxylic acids and hydrophobic binders
TL;DR: Minimal effects were observed in the control and acid zones whilst large mortalities and reduced feeding were recorded in the acid and aluminium zone, which were significantly reduced in the acids, aluminium and citrate zone.
Abstract: A 24-hr dosing experiment was carried out in a soft-water stream in upland Wales during which four separate zones were created by the simultaneous addition of sulphuric acid, aluminium sulphate, and citric acid. An upstream control zone (A), an acid zone pH 4.9 (B), an aluminium and acid (total filterable aluminium 0.27 mg/L, pH 4.9) zone (C) and a downstream zone (D) of aluminium complexed with citrate at low pH (total filterable aluminium 0.23 mg/L, pH 4.9). Test species exposed in all zones were the invertebratesGammarus pulex (L.),Baetis rhodani (Pict.),Ephemerella ignita (Poda) and the fishSalmo salar L.,Salmo trutta L. andCottus gobio L.
TL;DR: In this paper, the carbon balance of shade-grown Ananas comosus was investigated with regard to nitrogen supply and responses to high PAR, and the magnitude of dark C02 fixation during CAM was measured as dawn-dusk variations in leaf-sap titratable acidity (dH+) and as the proportion of malic and citric acids.
Abstract: The carbon balance of shade-grown Ananas comosus was investigated with regard to nitrogen supply and responses to high PAR. Net dark C02 uptake was reduced from 61-2 to 38-5 mmol C02 m~2 in N limited ( —N) plants grown under low PAR (60 ^mol m-2 s_1) and apparent photon yield declined from 0 066 to 0 034 (mol 02.mol_1 photon), although photosynthetic capacities (measured under 5% C02) were similar. Following transfer for 7 d to high PAR (600 /xmol rtr2 s_1), net C02 uptake at night increased by 14% in + N plants, and daytime photosynthetic capacity was higher, with a maximum value of 7-8 /xmol nrr2 s-1. The magnitude of dark C02 fixation during CAM was measured as dawn-dusk variations in leaf-sap titratable acidity (dH+) and as the proportion of malic and citric acids. The contribution from re-fixation of respiratory C02 recycling (measured as the difference between net C02 uptake and malic acid accumulation) varied with growth conditions, although it was generally lower (30%) than reported for other bromeliads. Assuming a stoichiometry of 2H+ : malate and 3H+ : citrate, there was a good agreement between titratable protons and enzymatically determined organic acids. The accumulation of citric acid was related to nitrogen supply and PAR regime, increasing from 7 0 mol m-3 ( + N plants) to 18 mol m-3 ( —N plants) when plants were transferred to high PAR', malate : citrate ratios decreased from 131 to 2-5 under these conditions. Under the low PAR regime, leaf-sap osmotic pressure increased at night in proportion to malic acid accumulation. However, following the transfer to high PAR for 7 d, there was a much greater depletion of soluble sugars at night which corresponded to a decrease in leaf-sap osmotic pressure. Although a role for citric acid in CAM has not been properly defined, it appears that the accepted stoichiometry for CAM in terms of gas exchange, titratable acidity, malic acid and osmotic pressure may not hold for plants which accumulate citric acid.
TL;DR: Citric acid was produced using Aspergillus niger immobilized on polyurethane foam in a bubble column reactor because most of the adsorbed cells remained on the support and, as a result, high oxygen tension was maintained during the reactor operation.
Abstract: Citric acid was produced using Aspergillus niger immobilized on polyurethane foam in a bubble column reactor. Most of the adsorbed cells remained on the support and, as a result, high oxygen tension was maintained during the reactor operation. However, uncontrolled growth of the pellets made continuous reactor operation difficult. The citric acid productivity obtained from 15 vol.% foam particles containing immobilized cells was 0.135 g/l per hour. This productivity of immobilized cells was almost the same as that of free cells. The oxygen level dropped to half saturation in 5 days in the immobilized cell culture in contrast to 2 days in the free cell culture.
TL;DR: The study shows that metals may render low-molecular-weight organic acids, such as citric acid, resistant to bacterial degradation, and stresses the importance of metals in influencing microbial decomposition of organic compounds, not only as a result of toxicity.
Abstract: The effects of Cd2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+ on the decomposition of citric acid by a Klebsiella sp. were studied by monitoring the degradation of [14C]citrate. The carbon concentration used was 10 micrograms of C liter-1, and the media were designed to provide at least 95% of the citrate complexed to the metal studied. After 72 h of incubation, 80% of the uncomplexed citric acid and 76% of the magnesium citrate had been decomposed. A marked inhibition was observed when Cd2+, Cu2+, or Zn2+ was bound to the organic anion; only 23% of the cadmium citrate, 14% of the zinc citrate, and 5% of the cuprous citrate had been decomposed. The effects were not the result of toxicity, since experiments run with [14C]glucose (nonchelating compound) instead of citrate resulted in similar decomposition rates regardless of the presence of the metal. To examine whether the binding of a metal to citrate enhanced its uptake by the Klebsiella sp., we studied the relative uptake of 65Zn in citrate- and in glucose-containing media. No such effect could be observed, with the uptake of Zn2+ being higher in the glucose-containing media. The study shows that metals may render low-molecular-weight organic acids, such as citric acid, resistant to bacterial degradation. This stresses the importance of metals in influencing microbial decomposition of organic compounds, not only as a result of toxicity.
TL;DR: Tests were done to determine the fate of Listeria monocytogenes at 13 or 35°C in Tryptose Broth with and without the pH adjusted to 5.6 or 5.0 using acetic, tartaric, lactic, or citric acid and containing 0.15% sodium benzoate.
TL;DR: It is proposed that glucose via aerobic glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation provides AcCoA, which condenses with oxalacetate obtained from aspartate transamination for citrate synthesis.
Abstract: The prostate gland (human, rat ventral prostate) has the major function of accumulating and secreting extremely high levels of citrate. This function requires unique and specialized metabolic pathways associated with prostate secretory epithelial cells by which exogenous substrates must be utilized as the six-carbon sources of citrate. Recent studies demonstrated that aspartate can serve as the four-carbon source of oxalacetate for citrate synthesis. Identification of the two-carbon source of acetyl CoA (AcCoA) had not been established. The present study investigated the probability that exogenous glucose, via pyruvate oxidation, is a physiological source of AcCoA for net citrate production by isolated epithelial cells from rat ventral prostate. Under adequate oxygenation, 5 mM glucose in the presence of aspartate plus glutamate markedly stimulated citrate production. Exogenous and endogenous pyruvate also stimulated net citrate production. We propose that glucose via aerobic glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation provides AcCoA, which condenses with oxalacetate obtained from aspartate transamination for citrate synthesis. Prostate epithelial cells do not readily oxidize citrate, which permits accumulation and secretion of the synthesized citrate.
TL;DR: In this paper, the aluminum-citrate flux is limited by diffusion across the water/lipid interface, due to hydrogen bonding between water and the citrate carboxyl groups, and by hydration of the bound metal in the aqueous phase.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Solubility alone could not totally explain the effect of citrate on aluminum absorption, and a similar relationship was found between the solubility of the aluminum compounds and absorption, as determined by calculated absorption from the changes in plasma aluminum levels.
TL;DR: The antimutagenic effect of 10 citrus fruit juices was observed against the mutagenicity of N-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) in TA97a and sodium azide in TA100 tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium using the Ames test, tempting us to believe that in addition to ascorbic acid and citric acid, the presence of other factor(s) possessing antimUTagenic properties cannot be ruled out.
Abstract: The antimutagenic effect of 10 citrus fruit juices was observed against the mutagenicity of N-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) in TA97a and sodium azide in TA100 tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium using the Ames test. It was noticed that the juices of all these fruits reduced significantly the NPD and sodium azide induced revertant colonies. The inhibitory activity was enhanced if the mutagen and juice were co-incubated for about 30 min at 37 degrees C prior to performing the mutagenicity assay. Dilution with distilled water led to the reduction in the inhibitory activity. The antimutagenic activity of synthetic ascorbic acid or citric acid or combined ascorbic acid and citric acid was also seen. But the results with fruit juices tempted us to believe that in addition to ascorbic acid and citric acid, the presence of other factor(s) possessing antimutagenic properties cannot be ruled out.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In uncontrolled studies potassium citrate, which increases urinary citrate excretion, appears to be promising as a therapeutic agent for patients with stone disease and hypocitraturia refractory to other treatment, but there are potential drawbacks to sodium alkali therapy, such as the precipitation of calcium phosphates.
Abstract: Calcium stone disease is attributable to supersaturation of the urine with calcium and other salts, the presence of substances that promote crystallization and a deficiency of inhibitors of crystallization. Citrate is a potent inhibitor of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stone formation whose excretion is diminished in some patients with stone disease owing to idiopathic causes or secondary factors such as bowel disease and use of thiazides. The pH within the proximal tubule cells is an important determinant of citrate excretion. Multivariate analysis has shown that the urine concentrations of calcium and citrate are the most important factors in stone formation. In uncontrolled studies potassium citrate, which increases urinary citrate excretion, appears to be promising as a therapeutic agent for patients with stone disease and hypocitraturia refractory to other treatment. On the other hand, there are potential drawbacks to sodium alkali therapy, such as the precipitation of calcium phosphates.
TL;DR: Glycerol, which functions as an osmoregulator in the early stages of Aspergillus niger growth, slowly diffuses out of the cells and possibly into the mitochondria, and citrate starts to accumulate in the cells.
Abstract: Glycerol, which functions as an osmoregulator in the early stages of Aspergillus niger growth, slowly diffuses out of the cells and possibly into the mitochondria. Since mitochondrial nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited by glycerol, citrate starts to accumulate in the cells. At physiological pH values citric acid dissociates and affects the intracellular and extracellular pH. By the phosphorus-31-nuclear magnetic resonance technique a drop in intracellular pH from 7.1 to about 6.5 has been detected, which might significantly influence metabolic rates.
01 Sep 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of an extraction reextraction process using a tertiary-amine-containing solvent was developed to separate citric acid from a fermentation broth by avoiding the waste production of CaSO 4.
Abstract: The common precipitation process for the isolation of citric acid produces 2.5 tons of waste per ton citric acid. This paper presents a way to separate citric acid from a fermentation broth by avoiding the waste production of CaSO 4 . A combination of an extraction reextraction process using a tertiary-amine-containing solvent was developed
TL;DR: Bacteriological tests demonstrated an additive inhibitory effect of ZnCl2 and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on in vitro growth of StrePTococcus sobrinus OMZ 176 and of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556 and the solubility of zinc citrate increased in the presence of SLS.
Abstract: Bacteriological tests demonstrated an additive inhibitory effect of ZnCl2 and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on in vitro growth of Streptococcus sobrinus OMZ 176 and of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556. As measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the solubility of zinc citrate increased in the presence of SLS. After 48 h, the concentration of solubilized zinc from aqueous solutions of 5.0 mM zinc citrate was 12.0 mM versus 14.4 mM in the presence of 34.7 mM SLS. The plaque-inhibiting properties of aqueous solutions of 12.0 mM Zn2+ from zinc citrate, 34.7 mM SLS, and 14.4 mM Zn2+ from zinc citrate in combination with 34.7 mM SLS were examined in 7 volunteers. Plaque accumulations were assessed by using a method earlier described after 3 days of twice daily mouthrinses with 10 ml test solution, during which period no mechanical oral hygiene was performed. Compared to placebo, SLS and zinc citrate increased the frequency of plaque index score 0 by 52.9 and 98.3%, respectively, and SLS gave 36.9% and zinc citrate 55.7% less surfaces with scores 2 or 3 (p less than 0.05 in all cases). The combination of zinc citrate and SLS gave a threefold increase of plaque index score 0 and a 70.5% reduction of scores 2 or 3 (p less than 0.05).
Patent•
30 Dec 1989TL;DR: An effervescent analgesic antacid composition having reduced sodium content is produced from a mixture of an analgesic, such as acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, ketoprofen or a mixture thereof as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An effervescent analgesic antacid composition having reduced sodium content is produced from a mixture of an analgesic, such as acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, ketoprofen or a mixture thereof, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and minor amounts of flavors and sweeteners.
TL;DR: Mutants of Aspergillus niger were selected according to their ability to grow faster than the parent strain on solid media containing 14% (w/v) sucrose and exhibited significantly increased citric acid production and strongly increased activities of two glycolytic enzymes.
Abstract: Mutants of Aspergillus niger were selected according to their ability to grow faster than the parent strain on solid media containing 14% (w/v) sucrose. Among 9 mutants, 4 exhibited significantly increased (> 20% of control) citric acid production. These mutants exhibited strongly increased activities of two glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase and phosphofructokinase. The mutants took up low concentrations (1%, w/v) sucrose at a comparable rate to the parent strain but exhibited a faster uptake of high (14%, w/v) sucrose concentrations.
Patent•
29 Jun 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, a hair dye composition with hardly any effects on human bodies and irritant smell even if ammonia is contained for providing hair dyeing treatment effects was obtained by adding an oily ingredient and surfactant to an alkaline agent containing ammonia and ammonium salt, water and an oxidation dye intermediate.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the title composition with hardly any effects on human bodies and irritant smell even if ammonia is contained for providing hair dyeing treatment effects, by adding an oily ingredient and surfactant to an alkaline agent containing ammonia and ammonium salt, water and oxidation dye intermediate. CONSTITUTION:A creamy hair dye composition containing an alkaline agent containing ammonia and an ammonium salt (especially preferably ammonium salts of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, bisulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid and citric acid), water, an oxidation dye intermediate, an oily ingredient (especially preferably paraffin, liquid paraffin, bees wax, squalane, vaseline, lanolin, silicone derivative, higher fatty acid and higher alcohol) and a surfactant (e.g., alkyltrimethylammonium salt). The above- mentioned composition especially preferably contains 1-10wt.% aqueous ammonia in 28% concentration and 0.1-10wt.% ammonium salt and is adjusted to pH8-12.
TL;DR: It is concluded that increased citrate concentrations during treatment with alkali leads to a significant inhibition of CaOx growth on HAP as well as to a prevention of the formation of large CaP crystals from solutions supersaturated with respect to CaP.
Abstract: The addition of different amounts of hydroxyapatite crystals (HAP) to a solution, metastably supersaturated with respect to calcium oxalate (CaOx) resulted in heterogenous crystallization at seed concentrations exceeding 0.2 mmol/l. The induction period varied between 1 and more than 8 h with the shortest period for a seed concentration of 2 mmol/l. Addition to the system of 1 and 2% of whole urine and citrate in concentrations corresponding to approximately 1% of that found in normal urine inhibited the crystallization for as long as 4 h. In a system supersaturated with respect to calcium phosphate (CaP) the total number of crystals was markedly reduced by citrate concentrations exceeding 0.5 mmol/l. The fractions of medium sized and large crystals were sharply reduced and small crystals predominated at higher citrate concentrations. This might indicate effects of citrate on both crystal growth and crystal aggregation. We conclude that increased citrate concentrations during treatment with alkali leads to a significant inhibition of CaOx growth on HAP as well as to a prevention of the formation of large CaP crystals from solutions supersaturated with respect to CaP.