Showing papers on "Disadvantaged published in 2019"
10 Oct 2019
TL;DR: The 2019 report as mentioned in this paper highlights the importance of water resources management and access to water supply and sanitation services for overcoming poverty and addressing various other social and economic inequities in an increasingly globalized world.
Abstract: The 2019 Report seeks to inform policy and decision-makers, inside and outside the water community, how improvements in water resources management and access to water supply and sanitation services are essential to overcoming poverty and addressing various other social and economic inequities. In an increasingly globalized world, the impacts of water-related decisions cross borders and affect everyone. Extreme events, environmental degradation, population growth, rapid urbanization, unsustainable and inequitable consumption patterns, conflicts and social unrest, and unprecedented migratory flows are among the interconnected pressures faced by humanity, often hitting those in vulnerable situations the hardest through their impacts on water. Addressing the inequalities faced by disadvantaged groups requires tailored solutions that take account of the day-to-day realities of people and communities in vulnerable situations. Properly designed and adequately implemented policies, efficient and appropriate use of financial resources, as well as evidence-based knowledge on water resources and water-related issues are also vital to eliminating inequalities in access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Titled ‘Leaving No One Behind ’, the report reinforces the commitments made by the UN member states in adopting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and in recognizing the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, both of which are essential for eradicating poverty and for building prosperous, peaceful societies.
287 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated the relationship between school climate and children's academic and social development in the early elementary school years, controlling for maternal education in early elementary schools, and found that school climate had a significant impact on children's development.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between school climate and children's academic and social development in the early elementary school years, controlling for maternal ed...
191 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a summary of gender-related issues identified by international research and academic practice together with supportive case study examples is presented. The conclusion is that women often perform better than men despite the observable differences in interaction style.
Abstract: A significant increase in the use of computer supported learning (CSL) within schools and universities across the world gives rise to concern about gender-related differences in performance and interaction style in these environments. Research has shown that initial perceptions of CSL environments as democratic and offering equal opportunities to all students were flawed because interactions that take place through electronic channels lose none of the socio-cultural complexity or gender imbalance that exists within society. Much of the recent literature states that women are disadvantaged because of inferior levels of access and technology literacy and dominant male behavior. However, the assumption that difference implies disadvantage is challenged by evidence that variable factors such as professed confidence and apparently dominant interaction styles do not necessarily lead to better educational opportunity and performance. This paper contains a summary of gender-related issues identified by international research and academic practice together with supportive case study examples. The conclusion is that women often perform better than men despite the observable differences in interaction style. The issues addressed are: • If inequality of access and technology literacy are assumed to be diminishing problems as recent studies suggest, what can CSL designers and teachers do ensure that interactions and activities offer equal opportunities to all student groups? • Does the gender imbalance that research identifies in access to, behavior and performance in CMC and CSL environments mean women are disadvantaged or simply that their use patterns and interaction styles are different? • If research has identified gender typical orientations in learner performance online, is there any impact on perceived identity and behavior where the visual cues inherent in face to face interactions are missing and other signals form the basis of impressions and opinions? • How far do gender imbalances in CSL reflect the values and norms of the culture they exist within and how far do they generalize across national and social boundaries? • The paper concludes with questions for further research and suggestions about how instructional designers might increase the flexibility of courses to offer more equal opportunities to all students.
157 citations
TL;DR: For example, American cities today are simultaneously the same and different from Wilson's classic portrayal in The Truly Disadvantaged ([1987] 2012), first published over 30 years ago.
Abstract: American cities today are simultaneously the same and different from Wilson’s classic portrayal in The Truly Disadvantaged ([1987] 2012), first published over 30 years ago. Concentrated poverty and...
122 citations
TL;DR: A better understanding of why children from more disadvantaged backgrounds have worse health and how interventions work, for whom and in what contexts, will help to reduce these unfair differences.
Abstract: From birth, children living in disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances (SECs) suffer from worse health than their more advantaged peers. The pathways through which SECs influence children’s health are complex and inter-related, but in general are driven by differences in the distribution of power and resources that determine the economic, material and psychosocial conditions in which children grow up. A better understanding of why children from more disadvantaged backgrounds have worse health and how interventions work, for whom and in what contexts, will help to reduce these unfair differences. Macro-level change is also required, including the reduction of child poverty through improved social security systems and employment opportunities, and continued investment in high-quality and accessible services (eg, childcare, key workers, children’s centres and healthy school environments). Child health professionals can play a crucial role by being mindful of the social determinants of health in their daily practice, and through advocating for more equitable and child-focussed resource allocation.
108 citations
Book•
01 Mar 2019
101 citations
TL;DR: The definition of Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) is defined by as discussed by the authors as colleges and universities that enroll at least 25% of their students as Latinx students.
Abstract: Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) are colleges and universities that enroll at least 25% Latinx students. Despite being recognized by the federal government since 1992, HSIs lack a historical mi...
95 citations
TL;DR: This paper used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to investigate relationships among distributed leadership, professional collaboration, and teachers' job satisfaction in U.S. schools, and found that teachers perceived of distributed leadership positively associated with their job satisfaction after accounting for other individual and school culture variables.
94 citations
TL;DR: This article applied the network theory of advantage applied to entrepreneurship and an area-probability sample of 700 Chinese entrepreneurs, using 2,193 American and European managers as a baseli...
Abstract: This article is about the network theory of advantage applied to entrepreneurship and an area-probability sample of 700 Chinese entrepreneurs, using 2,193 American and European managers as a baseli...
87 citations
TL;DR: The police need public support and cooperation to be effective in controlling crime and holding offenders accountable in many disadvantaged communities of color, poor relationships between the police and the public have been identified as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The police need public support and cooperation to be effective in controlling crime and holding offenders accountable. In many disadvantaged communities of color, poor relationships between the pol...
86 citations
TL;DR: As a key predictor of students' academic achievement, parental involvement has been in the centre of attention of both educational researchers and policymakers for quite some time as mentioned in this paper, and the importance of parents' involvement in education has been widely recognized.
Abstract: As a key predictor of students’ academic achievement parental involvement has been in the centre of attention of both educational researchers and policymakers for quite some time. Immigrant...
TL;DR: Despite frequent moves, low-income black families are more likely than any other group to churn among disadvantaged neighborhoods, and the least likely to escape them as mentioned in this paper, despite frequent moves.
Abstract: Despite frequent moves, low–income black families are more likely than any other group to churn among disadvantaged neighborhoods, and the least likely to escape them. Traditional explanations for ...
TL;DR: The authors explored how schools in different contexts and across cultures influence student resilience by providing them with seven resources that are associated with better developmental outcomes for children: access to material resources; access to supportive relationships; development of a desirable personal identity; experiences of power and control; adherence to cultural traditions; social justice; and experiences of social cohesion with others.
Abstract: Using a social ecological understanding of resilience, this position paper explores how schools in different contexts and across cultures influence student resilience by providing them with seven resources that are associated with better developmental outcomes for children: (1) access to material resources; (2) access to supportive relationships; (3) development of a desirable personal identity; (4) experiences of power and control; (5) adherence to cultural traditions; (6) experiences of social justice; and (7) experiences of social cohesion with others. Drawing on results from studies around the world that have assessed these seven factors, this paper makes the case that educational institutions, in collaboration with families and communities, are a form of psychosocial intervention that can improve children’s resilience. Positive outcomes are most likely when there are opportunities for children to experience support for multiple coping strategies that respond to the challenges they find in different environments at school and in their communities. Our review of the research suggests that schools may have the greatest impact on resilience among children who are the most disadvantaged.
TL;DR: This article found that boys born to disadvantaged families have higher rates of disciplinary problems, lower achievement scores, and fewer high school completions than girls from comparable backgrounds, and that family disadvantage disproportionately impedes the pre-market development of boys.
Abstract: Boys born to disadvantaged families have higher rates of disciplinary problems, lower achievement scores, and fewer high school completions than girls from comparable backgrounds. Using birth certificates matched to schooling records for Florida children born 1992–2002, we find that family disadvantage disproportionately impedes the pre-market development of boys. The differential effect of family disadvantage on boys is robust to specifications within schools and neighborhoods as well as across siblings within families. Evidence supports that this is the effect of the postnatal environment; family disadvantage is unrelated to the gender gap in neonatal health. We conclude that the gender gap among black children is larger than among white children in substantial part because black children are raised in more disadvantaged families.
TL;DR: The late 1990s witnessed the introduction of a variety of institutional policies aimed at increasing college access for historically marginalized students as discussed by the authors, and Princeton University, for example, took a step towards increasing access for marginalized students.
Abstract: The late 1990s witnessed the introduction of a variety of institutional policies aimed at increasing college access for historically marginalized students. Princeton University, for example, took a...
01 Aug 2019
TL;DR: The International Society for Social Paediatrics and Child Health (ISSOP) calls on governments, policy makers, paediatricians and professionals working with children and their organisations to act to reduce child health inequity as a priority.
Abstract: Inequities have a profound impact on the health and development of children globally. While inequities are greatest in the world’s poorest countries, even in rich nations poorer children have poorer health and developmental outcomes. From birth through childhood to adolescence, morbidity, mortality, growth and development are socially determined, resulting in the most disadvantaged having the highest risk of poor health outcomes. Inequities in childhood impact across the life course. We consider four categories of actions to promote equity: strengthening individuals, strengthening communities, improving living and working conditions, and promoting healthy macropolicies. Inequities can be reduced but action to reduce inequities requires political will. The International Society for Social Paediatrics and Child Health (ISSOP) calls on governments, policy makers, paediatricians and professionals working with children and their organisations to act to reduce child health inequity as a priority. ISSOP recommends the following: governments act to reduce child poverty; ensure rights of all children to healthcare, education and welfare are protected; basic health determinants such as adequate nutrition, clean water and sanitation are available to all children. Paediatric and child health organisations ensure that their members are informed of the impact of inequities on children’s well-being and across the life course; include child health inequities in curricula for professionals in training; publish policy statements relevant to their country on child health inequities; advocate for evidence-based pro-equity interventions using a child rights perspective; advocate for affordable, accessible and quality healthcare for all children; promote research to monitor inequity as well as results of interventions in their child populations. Paediatricians and child health professionals be aware of the impact of social determinants of health on children under their care; ensure their clinical services are accessible and acceptable to all children and families within the constraints of their country’s health services; engage in advocacy at community and national level.
Book•
05 Feb 2019
TL;DR: Doepke and Zilibotti as discussed by the authors investigated how economic forces and growing inequality shape how parents raise their children and found that in countries with increasing economic inequality, parents push harder to ensure their children have a path to security and success.
Abstract: An international and historical look at how parenting choices change in the face of economic inequality Parents everywhere want their children to be happy and do well. Yet how parents seek to achieve this ambition varies enormously. For instance, American and Chinese parents are increasingly authoritative and authoritarian, whereas Scandinavian parents tend to be more permissive. Why? Love, Money, and Parenting investigates how economic forces and growing inequality shape how parents raise their children. From medieval times to the present, and from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden to China and Japan, Matthias Doepke and Fabrizio Zilibotti look at how economic incentives and constraints-such as money, knowledge, and time-influence parenting practices and what is considered good parenting in different countries. Through personal anecdotes and original research, Doepke and Zilibotti show that in countries with increasing economic inequality, such as the United States, parents push harder to ensure their children have a path to security and success. Economics has transformed the hands-off parenting of the 1960s and '70s into a frantic, overscheduled activity. Growing inequality has also resulted in an increasing "parenting gap" between richer and poorer families, raising the disturbing prospect of diminished social mobility and fewer opportunities for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. In nations with less economic inequality, such as Sweden, the stakes are less high, and social mobility is not under threat. Doepke and Zilibotti discuss how investments in early childhood development and the design of education systems factor into the parenting equation, and how economics can help shape policies that will contribute to the ideal of equal opportunity for all. Love, Money, and Parenting presents an engrossing look at the economics of the family in the modern world.
TL;DR: This paper studied the impact of race and class on children's socialization in a two-way immersion classroom and found that a disadvantaged socioeconomic position negatively impacts perceptions of linguistic ability of Latinx children.
TL;DR: In integrating the methods and techniques of economics and psychology, this Perspective offers a cohesive framework for considering inequality and uses this unification to offer policy recommendations that would advance prospects for mobility among low-SES young people.
Abstract: Economic inequality can have a range of negative consequences for those in younger generations, particularly for those from lower-socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Economists and psychologists, among other social scientists, have addressed this issue, but have proceeded largely in parallel. This Perspective outlines how these disciplines have proposed and provided empirical support for complementary theoretical models. Specifically, both disciplines emphasize that inequality weakens people’s belief in socioeconomic opportunity, thereby reducing the likelihood that low-SES young people will engage in behaviours that would improve their chances of upward mobility (for example, persisting in school or averting teenage pregnancy). In integrating the methods and techniques of economics and psychology, we offer a cohesive framework for considering this issue. When viewed as a whole, the interdisciplinary body of evidence presents a more complete and compelling framework than does either discipline alone. We use this unification to offer policy recommendations that would advance prospects for mobility among low-SES young people. Browman and colleagues review the empirical and theoretical literature and present a framework that unifies economic and psychological perspectives on the impact of inequality on mobility expectations in socioeconomically disadvantaged youth
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated whether students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds effectively participate in the bilingual educational program of the Community of Madrid (hereinafter MBP) and found that the MBP has led to the sorting of students by socioeconomic and cultural status, causing cream skimming within the public education sector.
Abstract: In the academic year of 2004-2005 the Spanish region of Madrid began to implement a bilingual educational programme in public schools. Currently, 45% of the public educational system (primary and secondary) participates in the bilingual programme of the Community of Madrid (hereinafter MBP). One of the objectives sought by this programme, but not the only one, is to make the study of a foreign language accessible to students from economically less favoured families (who have greater difficulty in meeting the cost of private language tutoring). Consequently, our study aims to analyse whether, as proposed, students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds effectively participate in the MBP. To comply with this objective, we estimate a model directed at identifying which factors influence the selection of a bilingual public school by families. The results obtained reveal that the MBP has led to the sorting of students by socioeconomic and cultural status, causing cream skimming within the public education sector in Madrid. This is due to the influence in the choice of a bilingual public school of factors such as the educational level and the mother’s immigrant status, the occupational level of the parents and the cultural capital of the household.
TL;DR: It is predicted that hope for harmony with the outgroup can undermine the constructive tension that motivates the disadvantaged toward equality, and that high identifiers from the disadvantaged group were immune to this effect.
Abstract: Hope is viewed as a positive emotion associated with the motivation to change existing conditions. As such, it is highly relevant for social change, particularly when considering disadvantaged groups. We propose that, in the context of unequal intergroup relations, hope may actually undermine motivation for change among disadvantaged group members. Specifically, we distinguish between hope targeted at harmony with the outgroup and hope targeted at social equality between groups. Drawing on insights regarding the consequences of positive intergroup interactions, we predict that hope for harmony with the outgroup can undermine the constructive tension that motivates the disadvantaged toward equality. Across four studies, involving different intergroup contexts, hope for harmony was negatively associated with disadvantaged group members' motivation for collective action. We further found that high identifiers from the disadvantaged group were immune to this effect. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for the role of hope in social change.
TL;DR: This paper used a mixed-method sequential exploratory design to examine influences on urban adolescents' engagement and disengagement in school, and interviewed 22 middle and high school studi cation students.
Abstract: This study uses a mixed-method sequential exploratory design to examine influences on urban adolescents’ engagement and disengagement in school. First, we interviewed 22 middle and high school stud...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explain why children of immigrants often outdo their ethnic majority peers in educational aspirations yet struggle to keep pace with their achievements, and propose a simple explanation.
Abstract: Why is it that children of immigrants often outdo their ethnic majority peers in educational aspirations yet struggle to keep pace with their achievements? This article advances the explanation tha...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the students' uptake of online education and in particular Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) as a way to solve global educational challenges.
Abstract: Online education and in particular Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are often regarded as a way to solve global educational challenges. In this article, we highlight the students’ uptake...
TL;DR: Despite recent progress, women are still disadvantaged by their greater domestic labor commitments and impaired access to well-paid jobs; and, in extreme cases, denied the right to live as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Despite recent progress, women are still disadvantaged by their greater domestic labor commitments and impaired access to well-paid jobs; and, in extreme cases, denied the right to live. This has c...
TL;DR: In the neighborhood effects tradition, research has primarily concerned itself with understanding the consequences of growing up in high-poverty neighborhoods as discussed by the authors. But in recent years, however, the in-migra...
Abstract: Research in the neighborhood effects tradition has primarily concerned itself with understanding the consequences of growing up in high-poverty neighborhoods. In recent years, however, the in-migra...
TL;DR: Bruner et al. as discussed by the authors used evolutionary game theoretic methods to show that minority groups can end up disadvantaged in academic interactions like bargaining and collaboration as a result of this effect, and that these outcomes are more likely, in their models, the smaller the minority group.
Abstract: Bruner (Synthese, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1487-8
) shows that in cultural interactions, members of minority groups will learn to interact with members of majority groups more quickly—minorities tend to meet majorities more often as a brute fact of their respective numbers—and, as a result, may come to be disadvantaged in situations where they divide resources. In this paper, we discuss the implications of this effect for epistemic communities. We use evolutionary game theoretic methods to show that minority groups can end up disadvantaged in academic interactions like bargaining and collaboration as a result of this effect. These outcomes are more likely, in our models, the smaller the minority group. They occur despite assumptions that majority and minority groups do not differ with respect to skill level, personality, preference, or competence of any sort. Furthermore, as we will argue, these disadvantaged outcomes for minority groups may negatively impact the progress of epistemic communities.
TL;DR: There is evidence suggesting that digital interventions can improve diabetes control, healthcare utilization, and healthcare costs, and many issues remain in order to optimize the impact of digital interventions on the health outcomes of disadvantaged/vulnerable persons with diabetes.
Abstract: Mobile- and Internet-delivered (collectively, digital) interventions are widely used by persons with diabetes (PWD) to assist with self-management and improve/maintain glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c [A1c]). However, evidence concerning the acceptance and benefits of such interventions among disadvantaged/vulnerable PWD is still quite limited. We reviewed studies published from 2011–April 2019 evaluating the impact of diabetes self-management interventions delivered via mobile device and/or Internet on glycemic control of disadvantaged/vulnerable adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Included studies reported ≥ 50% of the sample having a low socioeconomic status and/or being a racial/ethnic minority, or living in a rural setting or low-/middle-income country (LMIC). We identified 21 studies evaluating a digital intervention among disadvantaged/vulnerable PWD. Although many digital interventions found within-group A1c improvements (16 of 21 studies), only seven of the seventeen studies with a control group found between-group differences in A1c. Three studies found reductions in emergency room (ER) visits and hospitalizations. We synthesize this information, and provide recommendations for increasing access, and improving the design and usability of such interventions. We also discuss the role of human support in digital delivery, issues related to study design, reporting, economic value, and available research in LMICs. There is evidence suggesting that digital interventions can improve diabetes control, healthcare utilization, and healthcare costs. More research is needed to substantiate these early findings, and many issues remain in order to optimize the impact of digital interventions on the health outcomes of disadvantaged/vulnerable persons with diabetes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the impact of poverty on Black women's experiences of violence in the United States and on the African continent and present a call to action for necessary structural, community and individual level intervention to address this pervasive concern.
12 Mar 2019
TL;DR: The EITC at the federal and state level is an effective policy tool to reduce poverty and improve birth outcomes across racial and ethnic subgroups.
Abstract: Purpose: Health disparities persist in birth outcomes by mother's income, education, and race in the United States. Disadvantaged mothers may experience benefit from supplements to family ...