Showing papers on "Fish oil published in 2005"
TL;DR: Various microbiological and enzymatic methods for synthesis of PUFAs are discussed and marine protists and dinoflagellates are the rich sources of DHA, whereas microalgae like Phaeodactylum and Monodus are good sources of EPA.
747 citations
TL;DR: In conclusion, high-fructose diet induced dyslipidemia and hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance and fish oil reversed dys Lipidemia but not insulin resistance.
Abstract: High-fructose diet stimulates hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and causes hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance in rodents. Fructose-induced insulin resistance may be secondary to alterations of lipid metabolism. In contrast, fish oil supplementation decreases triglycerides and may improve insulin resistance. Therefore, we studied the effect of high-fructose diet and fish oil on DNL and VLDL triglycerides and their impact on insulin resistance. Seven normal men were studied on four occasions: after fish oil (7.2 g/day) for 28 days; a 6-day high-fructose diet (corresponding to an extra 25% of total calories); fish oil plus high-fructose diet; and control conditions. Following each condition, fasting fractional DNL and endogenous glucose production (EGP) were evaluated using [1-13C]sodium acetate and 6,6-2H2 glucose and a two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed to assess insulin sensitivity. High-fructose diet significantly increased fasting glycemia (7 +/- 2%), triglycerides (79 +/- 22%), fractional DNL (sixfold), and EGP (14 +/- 3%, all P < 0.05). It also impaired insulin-induced suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis and EGP (P < 0.05) but had no effect on whole- body insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Fish oil significantly decreased triglycerides (37%, P < 0.05) after high-fructose diet compared with high-fructose diet without fish oil and tended to reduce DNL but had no other significant effect. In conclusion, high-fructose diet induced dyslipidemia and hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance. Fish oil reversed dyslipidemia but not insulin resistance.
383 citations
TL;DR: Results showed that substitution by vegetable oils of up to 60% fish oil in diets for gilthead seabream does not affect growth and feed utilization even after a long feeding period, however, 80% substitution of fish oil significantly reduced growth.
369 citations
TL;DR: By blending VOs to provide balanced levels of dietary fatty acids, up to 100% of the fish oil can be replaced by the VO blend without compromising growth or flesh quality, thereby providing a beneficial nutritional profile for human consumption.
Abstract: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) juveniles were fed either 100% fish oil (FO), 75% vegetable oil (VO), or 100% VO throughout their life cycle to harvest weight followed by a finishing diet period when all groups were fed 100% FO. The two experimental VO diets were tested at two different locations (Scotland and Norway) against the same control diet (100% FO). The VO blend was composed of rapeseed oil, palm oil, and linseed oil using capelin oil as a control for fatty acid class compositions. Flesh fatty acid profiles were measured regularly throughout the experiment, with the times of sampling determined by changes in pellet size/lipid content and fish life stage. Growth and mortality rates were not significantly affected by dietary fatty acid compositions throughout the life cycle, except during the seawater winter period in Norway when both growth and protein utilization were increased in salmon fed 100% VO compared to 100% FO. Flesh fatty acid composition was highly influenced by that of the diet, and after the finishing diet period the weekly intake recommendations of very long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLCn-3 PUFA) for human health were 80 and 56% satisfied by a 200 g meal of 75% VO and 100% VO flesh, respectively. No effect on flesh astaxanthin levels was observed in relation to changing dietary oil sources. Sensory evaluation showed only minor differences between salmon flesh from the dietary groups, although prior to the finishing diet period, flesh from 100% VO had less rancid and marine characteristics and was preferred over flesh from the other dietary groups by a trained taste panel. After the finishing diet period, the levels of typical vegetable oil fatty acids in flesh were reduced, whereas those of VLCn-3 PUFA increased to levels comparable with a 100% FO fed salmon. No differences in any of the sensory characteristics were observed between dietary groups. By blending VOs to provide balanced levels of dietary fatty acids, up to 100% of the fish oil can be replaced by the VO blend without compromising growth or flesh quality. At the same time, 75% of the dietary fish oil can be replaced without compromising flesh VLCn-3 PUFA content, thereby providing a beneficial nutritional profile for human consumption.
367 citations
TL;DR: This study provides evidence that for individuals at high risk of fatal ventricular arrhythmias, regular daily ingestion of fish oil fatty acids may significantly reduce potentially fatal vent cardiac arrhythmic events.
Abstract: Background— The long-chain n-3 fatty acids in fish have been demonstrated to have antiarrhythmic properties in experimental models and to prevent sudden cardiac death in a randomized trial of post–myocardial infarction patients. Therefore, we hypothesized that these n-3 fatty acids might prevent potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias in high-risk patients.
Methods and Results— Four hundred two patients with implanted cardioverter/defibrillators (ICDs) were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with either a fish oil or an olive oil daily supplement for 12 months. The primary end point, time to first ICD event for ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (VT or VF) confirmed by stored electrograms or death from any cause, was analyzed by intention to treat. Secondary analyses were performed for “probable” ventricular arrhythmias, “on-treatment” analyses for all subjects who had taken any of their oil supplements, and “on-treatment” analyses only of those subjects who were on treatment for at least 11 months. Compliance with double-blind treatment was similar in the 2 groups; however, the noncompliance rate was high (35% of all enrollees). In the primary analysis, assignment to treatment with the fish oil supplement showed a trend toward a prolonged time to the first ICD event (VT or VF) or of death from any cause (risk reduction of 28%; P =0.057). When therapies for probable episodes of VT or VF were included, the risk reduction became significant at 31%; P =0.033. For those who stayed on protocol for at least 11 months, the antiarrhythmic benefit of fish oil was improved for those with confirmed events (risk reduction of 38%; P =0.034).
Conclusions— Although significance was not achieved for the primary end point, this study provides evidence that for individuals at high risk of fatal ventricular arrhythmias, regular daily ingestion of fish oil fatty acids may significantly reduce potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias.
Received March 15, 2005; revision received July 13, 2005; accepted July 15, 2005.
363 citations
TL;DR: The data demonstrate that both EPA and DHA down-regulate LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB via a PPAR-gamma-dependent pathway in HK-2 cells, and suggest that PPAR -gamma activation by EPA andDHA may be one of the underlying mechanisms for the beneficial effects of fish oil.
341 citations
TL;DR: Long-chain conversion of ALA and [U-13C]LA was similar but low for the two tracers and varied directly with precursor concentrations and inversely with concentrations of fatty acids of the alternative series.
317 citations
TL;DR: Ingestion of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids relieved several clinical parameters used in the present study, however, patients showed a more precocious and accentuated improvement when fish oil supplements were used in combination with olive oil.
248 citations
TL;DR: This review summarizes the knowledge in terms of dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and metabolism, as well as evidence pointing to potential mechanisms of omega -3 fatty acids in normal brain functioning, development of neuropsychiatric disorders and efficacy of omega- 3 fatty acid supplementation in termsof symptom management.
Abstract: Epidemiological evidence suggests that dietary consumption of the long chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), commonly found in fish or fish oil, may modify the risk for certain neuropsychiatric disorders As evidence, decreased blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids have been associated with several neuropsychiatric conditions, including Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder, Alzheimer's Disease, Schizophrenia and Depression Supplementation studies, using individual or combination omega-3 fatty acids, suggest the possibility for decreased symptoms associated with some of these conditions Thus far, however, the benefits of supplementation, in terms of decreasing disease risk and/or aiding in symptom management, are not clear and more research is needed The reasons for blood fatty acid alterations in these disorders are not known, nor are the potential mechanisms by which omega-3 fatty acids may function in normal neuronal activity and neuropsychiatric disease prevention and/or treatment It is clear, however, that DHA is the predominant n-3 fatty acid found in the brain and that EPA plays an important role as an anti-inflammatory precursor Both DHA and EPA can be linked with many aspects of neural function, including neurotransmission, membrane fluidity, ion channel and enzyme regulation and gene expression This review summarizes the knowledge in terms of dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and metabolism, as well as evidence pointing to potential mechanisms of omega-3 fatty acids in normal brain functioning, development of neuropsychiatric disorders and efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in terms of symptom management
246 citations
TL;DR: After 150 days of re-feeding period with a 100% fish oil diet, DHA levels were restored in those fish previously fed diets containing vegetable oils, but EPA levels remained lower when compared with fish fed 100% FO diet.
246 citations
TL;DR: In conclusion, fish oil was no more effective than the control as an add-on therapy for depression in this setting and mood improved significantly in both groups within the first 2 weeks of the study (P<0.001).
Abstract: Converging evidence suggests that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have aetiological importance in depression. To determine the effect of adding fish oil to existing therapy in participants who were being treated for depression in a community setting, 77 participants were randomly assigned to receive 8 g of either fish or olive oil per day in addition to their existing therapy. Fifty-nine (77%) participants completed 12 weeks of treatment. Dietary, biochemical and lifestyle factors were measured throughout the study. Mood was assessed using the Short Form Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-SF) and the Beck Depression Inventory II. Sample size calculations were based on the HDRS-SF. Intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses were carried out using residual maximum likelihood. There was no evidence that fish oil improved mood when compared to the placebo oil, despite an increase in circulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, mood improved significantly in both groups within the first 2 weeks of the study (P<0.001) and this improvement was sustained throughout. In conclusion, fish oil was no more effective than the control as an add-on therapy for depression in this setting.
TL;DR: The evidence to date supports the adjunctive use of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of treatment unresponsive depression and schizophrenia, and large, large, and definitive randomised controlled trials similar to those required for the licensing of any new pharmacological treatment are needed.
Abstract: The importance of omega-3 fatty acids for physical health is now well recognised and there is increasing evidence that omega-3 fatty acids may also be important to mental health. The two main omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have important biological functions in the CNS. DHA is a major structural component of neuronal membranes, and changing the fatty acid composition of neuronal membranes leads to functional changes in the activity of receptors and other proteins embedded in the membrane phospholipid. EPA has important physiological functions that can affect neuronal activity. Epidemiological studies indicate an association between depression and low dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and biochemical studies have shown reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cell membranes in both depressive and schizophrenic patients. Five of six double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in schizophrenia, and four of six such trials in depression, have reported therapeutic benefit from omega-3 fatty acids in either the primary or secondary statistical analysis, particularly when EPA is added on to existing psychotropic medication. Individual clinical trials have suggested benefits of EPA treatment in borderline personality disorder and of combined omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The evidence to date supports the adjunctive use of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of treatment unresponsive depression and schizophrenia. As these conditions are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus, omega-3 fatty acids should also benefit the physical state of these patients. However, as the clinical research evidence is preliminary, large, and definitive randomised controlled trials similar to those required for the licensing of any new pharmacological treatment are needed.
TL;DR: The authors showed that vegetable oils such as RO, LO and OO can potentially be used as partial substitutes for dietary FO in European sea bass culture, during the grow out phase, without compromising growth rates but may alter some immune parameters.
Abstract: Triplicate groups of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), of initial weight 90 g, were fed four practical-type diets in which the added oil was 1000 g kg−1 fish oil (FO) (control diet), 600 g kg−1 rapeseed oil (RO) and 400 g kg−1 FO, 600 g kg−1 linseed oil (LO) and 400 g kg−1 FO, and 600 g kg−1 olive oil (OO) and 400 g kg−1 FO for 34 weeks. After sampling, the remaining fish were switched to the 1000 g kg−1 FO diet for a further 14 weeks. Fatty acid composition of flesh total lipid was influenced by dietary fatty acid input but specific fatty acids were selectively retained or utilized. There was selective deposition and retention of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and DHA were significantly reduced and linolenic (LNA; 18:3n-3), linoleic (LA; 18:2n-6) and oleic (OA; 18:1n-9) acids significantly increased in flesh lipids following the inclusion of 600 g kg−1 RO, LO and OO in the diets. No significant differences were found among different treatments on plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2α. Evaluation of non-specific immune function, showed that the number of circulating leucocytes was significantly affected (P < 0.001), as was macrophage respiratory burst activity (P < 0.006) in fish fed vegetable oil diets. Accumulation of large amounts of lipid droplets were observed within the hepatocytes in relation to decreased levels of dietary n-3 HUFA, although no signs of cellular necrosis was evident. After feeding a FO finishing diet for 14 weeks, DHA and total n-3 HUFA levels were restored to values in control fish although EPA remained 18% higher in control than in the other treatments. This study suggests that vegetable oils such as RO, LO and OO can potentially be used as partial substitutes for dietary FO in European sea bass culture, during the grow out phase, without compromising growth rates but may alter some immune parameters.
TL;DR: In this article, a direct method for preparation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) via transesterification of fatty acids from fish oil and cod liver oil using methanolic sulfuric acid and chloroform as co-solvents was optimized.
TL;DR: Both nutritional and environmental modulation of HUFA biosynthetic activity and the expression of fatty acyl desaturase and elongase genes were determined at various points during an entire 2 year production cycle in salmon fed diets.
TL;DR: In grilled meat from these animals, volatile compounds derived from n-3 fatty acids were highest in the meat from the lambs fed the fish oil/algae diet, whereas compounds derivedfrom n-6 fatty acidswere highest inThe meat fromThe lambs feeding the protected lipid diet had the highest levels of C18:2 n- 6 and C 18:3 n- 3, due to the effectiveness of the protection system.
TL;DR: Quantitative real-time PCR assay of gene expression in Atlantic salmon showed that both Δ6 and Δ5 fatty acyl desaturase genes were highly expressed in intestine, liver, and brain, and less so in kidney, heart, gill, adipose tissue, muscle, and spleen.
Abstract: Fish are an important source of the n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids that are crucial to the health of higher vertebrates. The synthesis of HUFA involves enzyme-mediated desaturation, and a Δ5 fatty acyl desaturase cDNA has been cloned from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and functionally characterization of a Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase of Atlantic salmon and describe its genomic structure, tissue expression, and nutritional regulation. A salmon genomic library was screened with a salmon Δ5 desaturase cDNA and positive recombinant phage isolated and subcloned. The full-length cDNA for the putative fatty acyl desaturase was shown to comprise 2106 bp containing an open reading frame of 1365 bp specifying a protein of 454 amino acids (GenBank accession no. AY458652). The protein sequence included three histidine boxes, two transmembrane regions, and an N-terminal cytochrome b5 domain containing the heme-binding motif HPGG, all of which are characteristic of microsomal fatty acid desaturases. Functional expression showed that this gene possessed predominantly Δ6 desaturase activity. Screening and sequence analysis of the genomic DNA of a single fish revealed that the Δ6 desaturase gene constituted 13 exons in 7965 bp of genomic DNA. Quantitative real-time PCR assay of gene expression in Atlantic salmon showed that both Δ6 and Δ5 fatty acyl desaturase genes, and a fatty acyl elongase gene, were highly expressed in intestine, liver, and brain, and less so in kidney, heart, gill, adipose tissue, muscle, and spleen. Furthermore, expression of both Δ6 and Δ5 fatty acyl desaturase genes in intestine, liver, red muscle, and adipose tissue was higher in salmon fed a diet containing vegetable oil than in fish fed a diet containing fish oil.
TL;DR: The results affirm the benefits of an olive oil diet in the management of IBD, which are further enhanced by the addition of (n-3) PUFA.
Abstract: Previous studies proposed a protective role of the dietary intake of (n-3) PUFA in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but almost no studies have been performed using olive oil. The aims of the present study were to test the beneficial effects of an olive oil-based diet with or without fish oil, rich in (n-3) PUFA, in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of rat colitis and to elucidate the mechanisms involved in their potential beneficial effects, with special attention to the production of some of the mediators involved in the intestinal inflammatory response, such as leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and nitric oxide (NO). Rats were fed the different diets for 2 wk before colitis induction and thereafter until colonic evaluation 15 d later. Colitic rats fed the olive oil-based diet had a lower colonic inflammatory response than those fed the soybean oil diet, and this beneficial effect was increased by the dietary incorporation of (n-3) PUFA. A restoration of colonic glutathione levels and lower colonic NO synthase expression occurred in all colitic rats fed an olive oil diet compared with the control colitic group that consumed the soybean oil diet. However, (n-3) PUFA incorporation into an olive oil diet significantly decreased colonic TNFalpha and LTB(4) levels compared with colitic rats that were not supplemented with fish oil. These results affirm the benefits of an olive oil diet in the management of IBD, which are further enhanced by the addition of (n-3) PUFA.
TL;DR: Four factors significantly and independently influenced the Omega-3 Index: fish servings, age, BMI, and diabetes; and further studies are warranted to delineate the nondietary factors that influence RBC EPA + DHA content.
Abstract: n−3 FA are beneficial for cardiovascular health, reducing platelet aggregation, TG levels, and the risk of sudden death from myocardial infarction. The percentage of EPA + DHA in red blood cells (RBC), also known as the Omega-3 Index, has recently been proposed as a risk marker for death from coronary heart disease (CHD). The purpose of this study was to begin to explore the factors that can influence RBC EPA + DHA. We collected information on the number of servings of tuna or nonfried fish consumed per month, as well as on age, gender, ethnicity, smoking status, the presence of diabetes, and body mass index (BMI) in 163 adults in Kansas City who were not taking fish oil supplements. The average RBC EPA + DHA in this population was 4.9±2.1%. On a multivariate analysis, four factors significantly and independently influenced the Omega-3 Index: fish servings, age, BMI, and diabetes. The Index increased by 0.24 units with each additional monthly serving of tuna or nonfried fish (P<0.0001), and by 0.5 units for each additional decade in age (P<0.0001). The Index was 1.13% units lower in subjects with diabetes (P=0.015) and decreased by 0.3% units with each 3-unit increase in BMI (P=0.001). Gender or smoking status had no effect, and the univariate relationship with ethnicity vanished after controlling for deathfrom CHD, further studies are warranted to delineate the nondietary factors that influence RBC EPA + DHA content.
TL;DR: Consumption of n-3 fatty acids from fish was not associated with a reduction in risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter, and the possibility of residual confounding caused by a lack of information on intake of fish-oil tablets cannot be excluded.
TL;DR: Dietary fish oil replacement had no effect on either hepatic lipid droplets accumulation or degree and pattern of vacuolization in the observed liver sections, suggesting that both sea bass and trout can be fed diets containing up to 50% soybean oil without adverse effects on tissue lipid composition or liver histology.
Abstract: Summary
A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of fish oil replacement by soybean oil, on lipid distribution and liver histology of two commercially important finfish species: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Sea bass (16.2 ± 0.5 g; mean ± SD) and rainbow trout (52.1 ± 0.5 g) juveniles were fed one of three isonitrogenous (500 g kg−1 CP) and isoenergetic (19 kJ g−1) diets, containing 0% (control, diet A), 25% (diet B) and 50% (diet C) soybean oil. At the end of the experiment, lipid deposition was evaluated in muscle, liver and viscera. Cholesterol and triglycerides levels were also determined in plasma. Tissue total, neutral and polar lipid composition (g kg−1 total lipids) showed no significant differences within species, regardless the dietary treatment. The same trend was observed for plasma parameters (P > 0.05). Viscera were the preferential tissue of lipid deposition, with 252–276 and 469–513 g kg−1 total lipid content in trout and sea bass, respectively. Dietary fish oil replacement had no effect on either hepatic lipid droplets accumulation or degree and pattern of vacuolization in the observed liver sections. These data suggest that both sea bass and trout can be fed diets containing up to 50% soybean oil without adverse effects on tissue lipid composition or liver histology.
TL;DR: This data indicates that omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin, which are increasingly used in fish farming, have beneficial effects on human health of fish fed on vegetable oils, although the effects are largely unknown.
Abstract: Background Cardioprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) of marine origin are well recognized. Because of the shortness of marine resources vegetable oils are increasingly used in fish farming. The effects on human health of fish fed on vegetable oils are largely unknown. Methods In a double-blinded intervention study, 60 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) were randomly allocated to three groups consuming approximately 700 g per week for 6 weeks of differently fed Atlantic salmon: 100% fish oil (FO), 100% rapeseed oil (RO) or 50% of each (FO/RO), resulting in fillets with high, intermediate and low levels of marine n-3 PUFAs. Patient analyses before and after the intervention period included serum fatty acid profile, serum lipoproteins, and markers of vascular inflammation. Results The serum fatty acid profiles of the patients after the intervention mirrored those of the corresponding salmon fillets and the respective salmon feeds. Significant differences between the groups were obtained, especially for the levels of total n-3 PUFAs and the n-3/n-6 FA ratio, which were markedly increased in the FO group in contrast to the two other groups (P Conclusions Tailor-made Atlantic salmon fillets very high in n-3 PUFAs of marine origin seem to impose favourable biochemical changes in patients with CHD when compared with ingestion of fillets with intermediate and low levels of marine n-3 PUFAs, when replaced by rapeseed oil.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of forage type and level of concentrate in the diet on milk fatty acid composition was examined in cows given a mixture of fish oil and sunflower oil.
Abstract: Based on the potential benefits of cis-9, trans- 11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for human health there is a need to develop effective strategies for enhancing milk fat CLA concentrations. In this experiment, the effect of forage type and level of concentrate in the diet on milk fatty acid composition was examined in cows given a mixture of fish oil and sunflower oil. Four late lactation Holstein-British Friesian cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin-square experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 21-day experimental periods. Treatments consisted of grass (G) or maize (M) silage supplemented with low (L) or high (H) levels of concentrates (65: 35 and 35: 65; forage: concentrate ratio, on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively) offered as a total mixed ration at a restricted level of intake (20 kg DM per day). Lipid supplements (30 g/kg DM) containing fish oil and sunflower oil (2: 3 w/w) were offered during the last 14 days of each experimental period. Treatments had no effect on total DM intake, milk yield, milk constituent output or milk fat content, but milk protein concentrations were lower (P = C20 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower (P = C20 (n-3) PUFA content, but reduced (P 0.05) on total milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (2.7 and 2.8 g/100 g fatty acids, for M and G, respectively) or cis-9, trans-11 CLA content (2.2 and 2.4 g/100 g fatty acids). Feeding high concentrate diets tended (P<0.10) to decrease total CLA (3.3 and 2.2 g/100 g fatty acids, for L and H, respectively) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA (2.9 and 1/7 g/100 g fatty acids) concentrations and increase milk trans-9, cis-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA content. In conclusion, the basal diet is an important determinant of milk fatty acid composition when a supplement of fish oil and sunflower oil is given.
TL;DR: This study suggests that salmon cultured on diets based on fish meal and oil (HFO) attain flesh dioxin concentrations that are significantly lower than in fish fed the HFO diet throughout.
TL;DR: There are four PGE receptor subtypes and at least one of these types--not yet identified--has a significantly different response to P GE3 than to PGE2; this difference may underlie the ability of omega3 fatty acids to mitigate inflammation and tumorigenesis.
TL;DR: The evidence suggests a role for fish oil or fish in secondary prevention because recent clinical trial data have demonstrated a significant reduction in total mortality, coronary heart disease death, and sudden death.
Abstract: Clinical trial evidence exists that supports a role for the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease prevention. However, the results from these clinical trials have varied and were conducted in diverse population groups using several different types of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Thus, we systematically reviewed previously published reports assessing the different types of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid interventions and cardiovascular outcomes. Fourteen randomized clinical trials were included in the review. Six trials were included with fish oil, with 1 large trial (10,000 patients) dominating the analysis. In aggregate, the fish oil trials demonstrated a reduction in total mortality and sudden death without a clinically significant reduction in nonfatal myocardial infarction. The 6 trials with ALA supplements or an ALA-enriched diet were of poorer design than the fish oil trials and had limited power. Many of the trials with ALA involved other changes in dietary components. In aggregate, the ALA trials demonstrated possible benefits in reducing sudden death and nonfatal myocardial infarction, but with wider confidence intervals than in the fish oil trials. In conclusion, the evidence suggests a role for fish oil (eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid) or fish in secondary prevention because recent clinical trial data have demonstrated a significant reduction in total mortality, coronary heart disease death, and sudden death. The data on ALA have been limited by studies of smaller sample size and limited quality.
TL;DR: It is suggested that increasing both adipokines by dietary FO might play an essential role in the normalization of insulin resistance and adiposity in dietary-induced, insulin-resistant models.
Abstract: Insulin resistance and adiposity induced by a long-term sucrose-rich diet (SRD) in rats could be reversed by fish oil (FO). Regulation of plasma leptin and adiponectin levels, as well as their gene...
TL;DR: Furan FA (F-acids) are tri-or tetrasubstituted furan derivatives characterized by either a propyl or pentyl side chain in one of the α-positions characterized by a straight long-chain saturated acid with a carboxylic group at its end.
Abstract: Furan FA (F-acids) are tri-or tetrasubstituted furan derivatives characterized by either a propyl or pentyl side chain in one of the α-positions; the other is substituted by a straight long-chain saturated acid with a carboxylic group at its end. F-acids are generated in large amounts in algae, but they are also produced by plants and microorganisms. Fish and other marine organisms as well as mammals consume F-acids in their food and incorporate them into phospholipids and cholesterol esters. F-acids are catabolized to dibasic urofuran acids, which are excreted in the urine. The biogenetic precursor of the most abundant F-acid, F6, is linoleic acid. Methyl groups in the β-position are derived from adenosylmethionine. Owing to the different alkyl substituents, synthesis of F-acids requires multistep reactions. F-acids react readily with peroxyl radicals to generate dioxoenes. The radical-scavenging ability of F-acids may contribute to the protective properties of fish and fish oil diets against mortality from heart disease.
TL;DR: Diet had a clear effect on the overall lipid metabolism, with replacing 75% of the fish oil with vegetable oil resulting in decreased uptake of all fatty acids and reduced incorporation of fatty acids into cellular lipids, but increased beta-oxidation activity and higher recovery in products of desaturation and elongation.
Journal Article•
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TL;DR: The advantages of omega-3 fatty acids when included as a part of parenteral nutrition supplement are highlighted, which promote formation of eicosanoids with anti-inflammatory characteristics.
Abstract: Fatty acids in our diet are mainly of two types, viz., essential and non-essential. Essential fatty acids are needed for normal growth and development but cannot be synthesized by our body. Omega-3 fatty acids belong to this class. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexanoic acid are built up in algae and plankton and the fish living on them. Deep sea fish and the fish oil produced from them provide the main source for omega-3 fatty acids, which promote formation of eicosanoids with anti-inflammatory characteristics. Naturally occurring omega-3 fatty acids can be supplied by oral or parenteral route so as to influence inflammatory reactions and immunological resistance. Their beneficial effects upon oral administration are well established. This article is aimed at highlighting the advantages of omega-3 fatty acids when included as a part of parenteral nutrition supplement. The patients in different clinical conditions who can benefit from this therapy have been indicated.