Showing papers on "High-density lipoprotein published in 1986"
TL;DR: In vitro studies, together with the in vivo results, indicate that in normal subjects apo CIII can inhibit the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase.
Abstract: Previous data suggest that apolipoprotein (apo) CIII may inhibit both triglyceride hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and apo E-mediated uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by the liver. We studied apo B metabolism in very low density (VLDL), intermediate density (IDL), and low density lipoproteins (LDL) in two sisters with apo CIII-apo AI deficiency. The subjects had reduced levels of VLDL triglyceride, normal LDL cholesterol, and near absence of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Compartmental analysis of the kinetics of apo B metabolism after injection of 125I-VLDL and 131I-LDL revealed fractional catabolic rates (FCR) for VLDL apo B that were six to seven times faster than normal. Simultaneous injection of [3H]glycerol demonstrated rapid catabolism of VLDL triglyceride. VLDL apo B was rapidly and efficiently converted to IDL and LDL. The FCR for LDL apo B was normal. In vitro experiments indicated that, although sera from the apo CIII-apo-AI deficient patients were able to normally activate purified LPL, increasing volumes of these sera did not result in the progressive inhibition of LPL activity demonstrable with normal sera. Addition of purified apo CIII to the deficient sera resulted in 20-50% reductions in maximal LPL activity compared with levels of activity attained with the same volumes of the native, deficient sera. These in vitro studies, together with the in vivo results, indicate that in normal subjects apo CIII can inhibit the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase.
417 citations
TL;DR: The contributions of total serum cholesterol and the ratio oftotal serum cholesterol/HDL cholesterol to CAD mortality in men at the international level are highlighted and have implications for individual members of a population.
Abstract: Coronary risk factors differ in importance from country to country, but a proportion of interpopulation differences in coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality is probably closely related to interpopulation differences in total serum cholesterol levels. Interpopulation differences in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels supposedly do not explain interpopulation differences in CAD mortality, although HDL cholesterol may be an important negative risk factor within a population. Age- and sex-specific serum cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels have been sought for 27 industrialized countries for which the World Health Organization has reliable mortality data. At least partially complete information was obtained from 19 countries, derived from national or regional studies in middle-aged subjects, and this has been related to CAD mortality rates. In men, 45% of the interpopulation variation in CAD mortality was explained by variation in serum cholesterol levels; 32% by variation in HDL cholesterol; and 55% by variation in the ratio of total serum cholesterol/HDL cholesterol. CAD mortality in men did not correlate with a population's serum triglyceride levels. In women, the only significant correlate of interpopulation variation in CAD mortality was the ratio of total serum cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, which explained 31% of the variation in CAD mortality. These findings highlight the contributions of total serum cholesterol and the ratio of total serum cholesterol/HDL cholesterol to CAD mortality in men at the international level and have implications for individual members of a population. Similar analyses in women were not particularly informative.
222 citations
TL;DR: Systemic administration of the tumor-localizing product hematoporphyrin derivative to mice bearing the Lewis-Lung tumor leads to an initial distribution of porphyrins among plasma lipoproteins and albumin, and the distribution pattern is correlated with the relative numbers of LDL receptors in different tissues.
208 citations
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that LPS bound to lipoproteins may be transported into the artery wall and may initiate the atherosclerotic reaction.
Abstract: The addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 to human monocyte-macrophages cultured in serum results in suppression of scavenger receptor activity. The present studies were performed to examine if the effect on scavenger receptor activity was mediated by LPS alone or by LPS in association with lipoproteins. Radioiodinated LPS (125I-LPS) was added to human plasma in vitro and to normal and hyperlipidemic rabbit plasma in vitro and in vivo to determine the distribution of 125I-LPS among the lipoprotein classes. It was found that all lipoprotein classes bound LPS in direct proportion to their plasma cholesterol concentration. LPS alone was compared to LPS bound to low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein, or reductively-methylated LDL for their abilities to suppress scavenger receptor activity in monocyte-macrophages in lipoprotein-free serum. Only LPS bound to LDL (LPS-LDL) demonstrated an effect similar to that observed when LPS was added to cells in serum. Either unlabeled LDL or unlabeled LPS-LDL complexes competed with the uptake of 125I-LPS-LDL complexes, which appeared to proceed by receptor-mediated endocytosis. In contrast to the uptake of 125I-LDL, the uptake of 125I-LPS-LDL by cultured monocyte-macrophages was not followed by its hydrolysis and the release of its radioactive degradation products into the medium. The association of LPS with lipoproteins was very stable and appeared to be mediated by a lipid-lipid interaction. We hypothesize that LPS bound to lipoproteins may be transported into the artery wall and may initiate the atherosclerotic reaction.
188 citations
TL;DR: The lipoprotein components were studied in connection with a population study concerning the state of health and living habits of the elderly people in Turku, Finland and found that in females age had a significant increasing effect whereas in males no age effect was observed.
Abstract: The lipoprotein components were studied in connection with a population study concerning the state of health and living habits of the elderly people in Turku, Finland. Serum levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) of the 347 elderly people (aged 65 years or over) were measured and those of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were calculated. The levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and apo B were significantly higher in females than in males, and the concentrations decreased with advancing age. The concentrations of HDL cholesterol and apo A1 were significantly higher in females than in males but age had no effect. Serum triglycerides behaved differently in males and females; in females age had a significant increasing effect whereas in males no age effect was observed. The apo A1/apo B ratio did not differ between males and females. Reference values of serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins of the elderly are suggested.
160 citations
TL;DR: The relationship between diet, serum lipoproteins, and the progression of coronary lesions was studied in 39 patients with stable angina pectoris in whom coronary arteriography had shown at least 1 vessel with 50% obstruction before intervention.
Abstract: The relationship between diet, serum lipoproteins, and the progression of coronary lesions was studied in 39 patients with stable angina pectoris in whom coronary arteriography had shown at least 1 vessel with 50% obstruction before intervention. Intervention consisted of a 2-year vegetarian diet that had a ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids of at least 2.0, and that contained less than 100mg of cholesterol per day. Dietary changes were associated with a significant increase in linoleic acid content of cholesterol esters and a significant lowering of bodyweight, systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and the ratio of total to high density lipoprotein (total/HDL) cholesterol.
152 citations
TL;DR: To investigate the pathophysiology of essential hypertension, detailed biochemical and clinical variables were collected and analyzed for 2091 Utah subjects and values for each transport system were significantly higher in hypertensive subjects; values for triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, and usually, the high densitylipoprotein subfractions continued to have strong significant independent associations with all three transport systems.
Abstract: To investigate the pathophysiology of essential hypertension, detailed biochemical and clinical variables were collected and analyzed for 2091 Utah subjects aged 3 to 83 years. Three different measurements of erythrocyte cation transport were obtained: Na+-Li+ countertransport, Li+-K+ cotransport, and furosemide-insensitive Li+ efflux into MgCl2. Total plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were obtained from fasting subjects. Levels of high density lipoprotein subfractions 2 and 3 were also obtained from 350 subjects. Standardized data collection also included blood pressure, height, weight, and presence or absence of a diagnosis or treatment of essential hypertension. In univariate analyses of all 1420 adults, each of the three transport systems showed the same significant correlations with triglyceride levels (r = 0.33-0.35, p less than 0.0001), high density lipoprotein concentration (r = -0.19 to -0.21, p less than 0.001), and weight (r = 0.22-0.28, p less than 0.0001). In multivariate regression analyses, values for each transport system were significantly higher in hypertensive subjects; values for triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, and usually, the high density lipoprotein subfractions continued to have strong significant independent associations with all three transport systems; and weight remained significantly related only to Na+-Li+ countertransport. In separate logistic regressions, plasma triglyceride levels (positively, p less than 0.001) and high density lipoprotein subfraction 3 levels (inversely, p less than 0.03) were associated with hypertension itself. In multivariate analyses among 671 children, high density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein subfraction 3 levels showed significant (p less than 0.05) inverse correlations with Na+-Li+ countertransport and furosemide-insensitive Li+ efflux.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
130 citations
TL;DR: Multivariate analysis showed that non-HDL cholesterol was a more powerful predictor of risk than the HDL to total cholesterol ratio, suggesting that HDL cholesterol is not a major risk factor in the aetiology of ischaemic heart disease.
Abstract: The concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) in serum was measured at initial examination in a large prospective study of men aged 40-59 drawn from general practices in 24 British towns. After an average follow up of 4.2 years 193 cases of major ischaemic heart disease had been registered in 7415 men in whom both HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol values had been measured. The mean HDL cholesterol concentration was lower in the men with ischaemic heart disease ("cases") compared with other men, but the difference became small and non-significant after adjustment for age, body mass index, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and concentration of non-HDL cholesterol. The higher mean concentration of non-HDL cholesterol in "cases" remained highly significant after adjustment for other factors. Men in the highest fifth of non-HDL cholesterol values had over three times the risk of major ischaemic heart disease compared with men in the lowest fifth. Multivariate analysis showed that non-HDL cholesterol was a more powerful predictor of risk than the HDL to total cholesterol ratio. These British findings were compared with six other prospective studies. All the larger studies showed similar results, suggesting that HDL cholesterol is not a major risk factor in the aetiology of ischaemic heart disease.
124 citations
TL;DR: The genetic and cultural heritability of serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, as well as of the concentrations of low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and serum apolipoproteins A-I, A-II and B, were estimated by path analysis in families selected through probands with premature myocardial infarction and in families randomly selected from the general population.
113 citations
TL;DR: Fat patterning made a more important contribution to the prediction of triglyceride and HDL levels than did the other behavioral variables and, in general, eliminated ethnic differences in lipids and lipoproteins.
Abstract: Mexican Americans have been previously reported to have greater adiposity, higher triglyceride levels, and lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels than Anglos. This study investigated the relationship between behavioral variables (caloric balance, cigarette and alcohol consumption, exercise, postmenopausal estrogen or oral contraceptive use) and fat patterning (central vs. peripheral distribution of adiposity) in the San Antonio Heart Study (1979-1982) (n = 2,102) to explain the ethnic difference in lipids and lipoproteins. Adjustment for caloric balance (as reflected by body mass index) narrowed the ethnic difference in triglyceride and HDL levels for both sexes, while adjustment for smoking widened the ethnic difference. For females, the ethnic difference was also decreased by adjustment for alcohol and estrogen use. However, adjustment for these behavioral variables did not completely eliminate the ethnic difference in lipids and lipoproteins in either sex. Increased central adiposity, more characteristic of Mexican Americans than Anglos, was positively associated with triglycerides and negatively associated with HDL levels, especially in females. Fat patterning made a more important contribution to the prediction of triglyceride and HDL levels than did the other behavioral variables (except for caloric balance) and, in general, eliminated ethnic differences in lipids and lipoproteins. Epidemiologists should consider the use of a centrality index to distinguish different types of adiposity since it is easy and inexpensive to measure.
106 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that postmenopausal treatment with sequentially combined oestrogen‐progestogen has no adverse effects on the lipoprotein status.
TL;DR: The findings indicate that the start of even modest cigarette smoking may have potentially long-term atherogenic effects, and prevention of smoking in early life should be an important aspect of cardiovascular disease intervention.
Abstract: To examine the influence of cigarette smoking initiation on serum lipid and lipoprotein changes in early life 747 nonsmoking 9-17 year olds from the biracial community of Bogalusa Louisiana were reexamined 5-6 years following an initial screening. Upon reexamination in 1981-83 147 reported smoking cigarettes (mean duration 3.5 years; median number of weekly cigarettes 20). Compared with nonsmokers persons who began smoking had more unfavorable changes in serum triglycerides and lipoprotein cholesterol levels during follow-up independently of age sexual maturation obesity alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use in females. Smoking initiation was not associated with increases in serum total cholesterol levels but compared with nonsmokers white males and white females smoking 3 or more packs weekly showed additional mean increases of 13.2 and 11.6 mg/dl in low density lipoprotein cholesterol additional 5.9 and 2.4 mg/dl increases in very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and additional decreases of 15.6 and 9.2 mg/dl in high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels respectively. Black smokers showed larger increases in serum triglycerides and VLDL-C levels than did black nonsmokers. These findings indicate that the start of even modest cigarette smoking may have potentially longterm atherogenic effects. Prevention of smoking in early life should therefore be an important aspect of cardiovascular disease intervention. (authors)
TL;DR: Rats fed rice bran oil at 10% level for a period of eight weeks showed significantly lower levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and very low density cholesterol, both on cholesterol-containing and cholesterol-free diets.
Abstract: Rats fed rice bran oil at 10% level for a period of eight weeks showed significantly lower levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, both on cholesterol-containing and cholesterol-free diets. High density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased but triglyceride showed a decrease that was not statistically significant. Liver cholesterol and liver triglycerides were also reduced. Fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids was increased after ingestion of rice bran oil.
TL;DR: Quantitative recovery analyses prove that the cholesterol esters lost from HDL are transferred to M-VLDL, which is now richer in cholesterol ester and poorer in triglyceride, not associated by significant transfer of HDL apoproteins but dependent on neutral lipid transfer factors present in human lipoprotein-poor plasma.
TL;DR: Immunoblot characterization with anti-apo-E receptors immunoglobulin G indicated that the apo-E receptor is present in the hepatic membranes of man, dogs, rats, and mice and is localized to the rat liver parenchymal cells.
TL;DR: Serum levels of total testosterone, free testosterone, 5 alpha-DHT, and the binding capacity of sex hormone binding globulin, urinary estrogens, serum lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B in 30 healthy middle-aged Finnish men with similar dietary habits were determined.
Abstract: We have determined the levels of serum sex hormones, the binding capacity of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), urinary estrogens, serum lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B in 30 healthy middle-aged Finnish men with similar dietary habits. Serum levels of total testosterone, free testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT), and the binding capacity of SHBG were all positively correlated to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) (r = .43 to .80, P less than 0.05 to 0.001). Total testosterone and 5 alpha-DHT showed a positive correlation to the ratio of apo A-I to Apo A-II (r = .37, P less than 0.05 and r = .58, P less than 0.01, respectively). Serum estradiol levels were negatively correlated to serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and Apo B (r = -.51 to -.56, P less than 0.01). Moreover, serum free estradiol was negatively correlated to HDL-C and Apo A-I (r = -.46 and r = -.50, P less than 0.01). In multiple linear regression analysis, 5 alpha-DHT was the most significant independent determinant of HDL-C and apo A-I levels when androgens, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, binding capacity of SHBG, and exogenous factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, and diet were taken into account. Multivariate analysis also demonstrated that both total and free estradiol were inversely related to serum Apo B levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: A long term trial comparing thiazide-type diuretics with drugs with the most favourable lipid-lipoprotein profile is needed, and in most settings diuretic-based regimens are still preferred initially since they are of proven, if limited, efficacy against the cardiovascular complications of hypertension.
Abstract: This review examines the effects of various antihypertensive drugs on blood lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins. A large number of studies have documented the elevation of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol with many thiazide-type diuretic drugs, albeit mainly in short term studies. When added to thiazide diuretics, both beta 1-selective and non-selective beta-blocking drugs elevate total triglycerides and VLDL triglycerides, lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and raise the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio. Most non-selective beta-blockers have similar effects when used as monotherapy, but the beta 1-selective agents appear not to affect HDL cholesterol in monotherapy. Prazosin appears free of adverse lipid effects and has improved lipid-lipoprotein concentrations in many studies. Preliminary data on several other drugs also suggest a favourable lipid profile and additional study is warranted - among these are guanabenz, clonidine, pindolol, labetalol, indapamide, and guanfacine. Elevations in serum triglycerides are often ignored on various counts, but triglycerides have been found to be a strong risk factor in European studies and in women over the age of 50 years in the Framingham study. Despite the unfavourable short term effects of diuretics, the theoretical risk of the lipid-lipoprotein changes remains unclear because HDL cholesterol and the total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio are often unchanged. For this and other reasons, a long term trial comparing thiazide-type diuretics with drugs with the most favourable lipid-lipoprotein profile is needed. Until this is accomplished, in most settings diuretic-based regimens are still preferred initially since they are of proven, if limited, efficacy against the cardiovascular complications of hypertension.
TL;DR: Since lipoproteins in PHP have undergone prior in vivo lipolysis, LPL activity in PHP may be bound to remnants of chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Abstract: Studies were designed to explore the association of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) activities with lipoproteins in human postheparin plasma (PHP). The major peak of LPL activity after gel filtration of PHP eluted after the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and just before the peak of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. When PHP contained chylomicrons, an additional peak of LPL activity eluted in the void volume of the column. Most HTGL activity eluted after the LDL and preceded the elution of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. LPL activity in preheparin plasma eluted in the same position, relative to lipoproteins, as did LPL in PHP. Gel filtration of purified human milk LPL mixed with plasma or isolated LDL produced a peak of activity eluting before LDL. During gel filtration of PHP in high salt buffer (1 M NaCl) or after isolation of lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation in high salt density solutions, most of the lipase activity was not associated with lipoproteins. LPL activity was removed from PHP by elution through immunoaffinity columns containing antibodies to apolipoprotein (apo) B and apo E. Since lipoproteins in PHP have undergone prior in vivo lipolysis, LPL activity in PHP may be bound to remnants of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins.
TL;DR: In patients with thyroid dysfunction, significant reversible alterations in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and high-densitylipoprotein cholesterol were found and could be correlated with the observed changes in the activities of hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase.
Abstract: We have investigated the effects of hyper- and hypothyroidism (clinical and subclinical) on lipid metabolism, with special emphasis on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase activities. In 16 patients with hyperthyroidism, increased post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase activity, decreased serum total cholesterol and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were found while lipoprotein lipase activity and serum triglyceride were normal. In six patients with overt hypothyroidism serum total cholesterol and triglyceride were increased, post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase were decreased while serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was normal. In six patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, serum total cholesterol was increased, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was decreased, while serum triglyceride, post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase were normal. When the three groups of patients became euthyroid, serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reverted to normal except for serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the hyperthyroid group which showed no significant change with treatment. A positive correlation was found between serum T3 and post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase while negative correlations were found between serum total cholesterol and serum T3, post-heparin plasma hepatic lipase and serum total cholesterol, lipoprotein lipase and serum triglyceride respectively. Thus in these patients with thyroid dysfunction, significant reversible alterations in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were found and could be correlated with the observed changes in the activities of hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase.
TL;DR: The concentration as well as distribution of HDL cholesterol in relation to plasma triglycerides and their influence on ischaemic heart disease in FH subjects is analyzed to investigate the risk of premature occlusive atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia.
Abstract: Recent studies suggest that decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) may contribute to the risk of premature occlusive atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). To investigate further, we have analyzed the concentration as well as distribution of HDL cholesterol in relation to plasma triglycerides and their influence on ischaemic heart disease in FH subjects. The study was carried out in 71 men with heterozygous FH and 46 matched controls. FH subjects were relatively young with a mean age of 38 +/- 11 years. Tendon xanthomatas were observed in 57% of the subjects, whereas ischemic heart disease was identified in 33%. Compared to normals, the mean value of HDL cholesterol is significantly reduced by 21% in FH heterozygotes (42 +/- 12 v 33 +/- 9 mg/dL, P less than 0.001). The decrease in HDL cholesterol is highly correlated to the levels of plasma triglycerides (r = -0.50, P less than 0.001) and VLDL cholesterol (r = -0.53, P less than 0.001). Moreover, HDL cholesterol decrease is not associated with elevated levels of LDL cholesterol (r = -0.20, NS), which is the primary characteristic feature of FH subjects. However, HDL cholesterol decrease is weakly related to total plasma cholesterol concentration (r = -0.24, P less than 0.05). The body weight is also contributory to the reduction of HDL cholesterol (r = -0.42, P less than 0.01), probably due to its strong positive correlation to plasma triglycerides (r = +0.54, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: An effect of alcohol on both major subfractions of HDL and on its major apolipoproteins is confirmed.
TL;DR: The findings indicate the presence of two separate pathways of LDL uptake in human hepatocytes which have different effects on hepatocytic cholesterol metabolism.
TL;DR: In insulin-dependent diabetic patients without nephropathy and CHD, the lipid and lipoprotein levels do not differ from nondiabetic controls, but in IDD patients with CHD the lipid-lipoprotein pattern is similar to that known to be characteristic for nondi diabetic patients withCHD.
Abstract: We measured serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in 63 insulin-dependent diabetic (IDD) patients (32 men, 31 women) and in 63 nondiabetic control subjects (32 men, 31 women) without coronary heart disease (CHD) and in 19 IDD patients (11 men, 8 women) and in 18 nondiabetic subjects (8 men, 10 women) with CHD. All diabetic patients had postglucagon C-peptide levels of less than 0.60 mmol/liter and none had signs of renal failure. Male IDD patients with CHD had higher levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides and lower level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol than male IDD patients without CHD. In female IDD patients, similar lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities were observed between the groups of diabetics with and without CHD except for total cholesterol, which was the same in both groups. A comparison between IDD patients without CHD and nondiabetic control subjects without CHD showed no difference in lipid and lipoprotein levels in males; female IDD patients without CHD showed even higher levels of HDL and HDL2 cholesterol and lower levels of VLDL triglycerides than nondiabetic controls. Our results indicate that in IDD patients without nephropathy and CHD, the lipid and lipoprotein levels do not differ from nondiabetic controls, but in IDD patients with CHD the lipid and lipoprotein pattern is similar to that known to be characteristic for nondiabetic patients with CHD.
TL;DR: Coronary arteriosclerosis was examined in cultured Atlantic salmon maintained on normal and cholesterol-enriched diets in both freshwater and saltwater during the period when they normally mature and was an important secondary factor in the etiology of the disease.
Abstract: Coronary arteriosclerosis was examined in cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) maintained on normal and cholesterol-enriched diets in both freshwater and saltwater during the period when they normally mature (June to December). The incidence of lesions was high (48% or greater) in all experimental subgroups (assigned according to diet, salinity, sex, and maturation status). The primary factor in the development of arteriosclerotic lesions was not established, but the high frequency of lesions in immature fish suggests that it was not maturation. However, maturation was associated with a significant increase in the incidence of lesions and was, therefore, an important secondary factor in the etiology of the disease. Furthermore, diet had a secondary influence on the development of lesions since the cholesterol supplement was also associated with an increase in the incidence of lesions. The cholesterol supplement significantly increased the total plasma cholesterol level in all subgroups; the low density lipoprotein fraction (total cholesterol minus the high density lipoprotein fraction) was also elevated in seven of eight paired subgroups. Plasma free fatty acids and triglycerides were unaffected by the cholesterol supplement. The elevated total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels resulting from the cholesterol-enriched diet and the associated increase in the incidence of lesions was most prominent in mature males and females held in freshwater. Salinity had no demonstrable effect on lesion incidence, but the severity of lesions tended to be greater in freshwater fish.
TL;DR: It is indicated that lipoproteins can promote maximal growth of mitogen-activated lymphocytes in transferrin-containing medium by providing growth factors other than cholesterol necessary for initial activation and required for continued lymphocyte proliferation.
TL;DR: It is concluded that in chronic alcoholics HDL2 accounts for the major part of the increase in HDL, with the decline in HDL2 continuing until the 8th day of total abstention.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that in oral contraceptive agents with identical estrogen, progestins with different androgenic potency produce major and different changes in plasma lipoproteins.
TL;DR: It is shown that the formula proposed by Friedewald provides a better fit for Japanese people, when k = 4, rather than original k = 5, and a better estimation is gained, if k is rotated according to the triglyceride levels of individual subjects.
Abstract: When direct measurement of serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is not available, it can be estimated from total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) by using the formula proposed by Friedewald: LDL-c = TC-[HDL-c + TG/k], k = 5 This formula assumes the triglyceride/cholesterol ratio in VLDL to be 5:1. However, it is changeable with serum triglyceride levels, and averaged as 4 among Japanese with triglycerides less than 400 mg/dl. The formula provides a better fit for Japanese people, when k = 4, rather than original k = 5. In addition, a better estimation is gained, if k is rotated according to the triglyceride levels of individual subjects; i.e. 3 for those with triglycerides less than 150 mg/dl, 4 for those with triglycerides from 150 to 299 mg/dl, 5 for those with triglycerides from 300 to 400 mg/dl. The percent error of estimation is less than 5% when k = 4, and about 1% when variable k is employed for populations of about 1,000 subjects in number.
TL;DR: Results from a randomized controlled trial of cross-over design are consistent with the hypothesis that a moderate intake of alcohol confers some protection against heart disease.
Abstract: 1. A randomized controlled trial of cross-over design was set up to examine the effect of alcohol on blood lipids and certain haematological variates relevant to ischaemic heart disease. 2. One hundred subjects drank some alcohol for 4 weeks (mean intake 18.4 g/d) and abstained totally for 4 weeks, the order of these periods being randomized. 3. Alcohol appeared to produce a rise of 7% in serum high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, probably due to a rise in the HDL2 subfraction. 4. No significant change was detected in plasma fibrinogen or the other haematological indices. 5. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a moderate intake of alcohol confers some protection against heart disease
TL;DR: The reductions of HDL2 and HDL3 were significant as well in smoking as in nonsmoking CAD patients and both in patients with and without beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs.