Showing papers on "Mobile telephony published in 2005"

Apparatus and method for increased security of wireless transactions

Abstract: A mobile communication device with security mechanisms is provided for enabling wireless personal information transfer with increased security. In another embodiment of the invention, a mobile communication device is used to confirm a transaction.

Consumer value creation in mobile banking services

Abstract: The paper presents findings of the study that explored consumer value creation in various mobile banking services. New electronic channels are replacing the more traditional ones. Mobile devices represent the recent development in electronic service distribution. An exploratory study was conducted on experienced electronic banking customers by using a qualitative in-depth interviewing method. The findings increase the understanding of customer-perceived value and value creation on the basis of attributes of mobile services and customer-perceived disadvantages of mobile phones in electronic banking context. The findings allow practitioners to improve their services and marketing strategies and pass on information to the academics about interesting future research areas.

Methods and apparatus for organizing and presenting contact information in a mobile communication system

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for gathering, organizing and displaying contact information in a mobile communications network. In one embodiment, a method for operating a mobile communication network includes an information server and a mobile communications device coupled to the service via a wireless connection. The method comprises transmitting a location identifier message including a current location from the mobile communications device to the server via the wireless link. The mobile device also transmits a list of contacts to the server via the wireless link. The contacts are matched with the location using a location database maintained for other mobile communications devices in order to generate a list of proximate users. Alternatively, the contact list can be based upon cognitive or psychographic proximity (versus merely physical proximity). The list of proximate users is transmitted to the mobile communications device, and the list is displayed in an easily perceived fashion based on user preferences.

Power-rate-distortion analysis for wireless video communication under energy constraints

Abstract: Mobile devices performing video coding and streaming over wireless and pervasive communication networks are limited in energy supply. To prolong the operational lifetime of these devices, an embedded video encoding system should be able to adjust its computational complexity and energy consumption as demanded by the situation and its environment. To analyze, control, and optimize the rate-distortion (R-D) behavior of the wireless video communication system under the energy constraint, we develop a power-rate-distortion (P-R-D) analysis framework, which extends the traditional R-D analysis by including another dimension, the power consumption. Specifically, in this paper, we analyze the encoding mechanism of typical video coding systems, and develop a parametric video encoding architecture which is fully scalable in computational complexity. Using dynamic voltage scaling (DVS), an energy consumption management technology recently developed in CMOS circuits design, the complexity scalability can be translated into the energy consumption scalability of the video encoder. We investigate the R-D behavior of the complexity control parameters and establish an analytic P-R-D model. Both theoretically and experimentally, we show that, using this P-R-D model, the video coding system is able to automatically adjust its complexity control parameters to match the available energy supply of the mobile device while maximizing the picture quality. The P-R-D model provides a theoretical guideline for system design and performance optimization in mobile video communication under energy constraints.

Rapid Development and Flexible Deployment of Adaptive Wireless Sensor Network Applications

Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are difficult to program and usually run statically-installed software limiting its flexibility. To address this, we developed Agilla, a new middleware that increases network flexibility while simplifying application development. An Agilla network is deployed with no pre-installed application. Instead, users inject mobile agents that spread across nodes performing application-specific tasks. Each agent is autonomous, allowing multiple applications to share a network. Programming is simplified by allowing programmers to create agents using a high-level language. Linda-like tuple spaces are used for inter-agent communication and context discovery. This preserves each agent's autonomy while providing a rich infrastructure for building complex applications, and marks the first time mobile agents and tuple spaces are used in a unified framework for WSNs. Our efforts resulted in an implementation for MICA2 motes and the development of several applications. The implementation consumes a mere 41.6KB of code and 3.59KB of data memory. An agent can migrate 5 hops in less than 1.1 seconds with 92% reliability. In this paper, we present Agilla and provide a detailed evaluation of its implementation, an empirical study of its overhead, and a case study demonstrating its use

Mobile Phones, Japanese Youth, and the Re-placement of Social Contact

Abstract: The mobile phone is often perceived as an emblematic technology of space-time compression, touted as a tool for anytime, anywhere connectivity. Discussion of young people's mobile phone use, in particular, often stress the liberatory effects of mobile media, and how it enables young people to escape the demands of existing social structures and parental surveillance. This paper argues that the mobile phone can indeed enable communication that crosses prior social boundaries, but this does not necessarily mean that the devices erode the integrity of existing places or social identities. While Japanese youth actively use mobile phones to overcome limitations inherent in their weak social status, their usage is highly deferential to institutions of home and school and the integrity of existing places. Taking up the case of how Japanese teen's mobile phone use is structured by the power-geometries of place, this paper argues that characteristics of mobile phones and mobile communication are not inherent in the device, but are determined by social and cultural context and power relations. After first presenting the methodological and conceptual framework for this paper, we present our ethnographic material in relation to the power-dynamics and regulation of different kinds of places: the private space of the home, the classroom, the public spaces of the street and public transportation, and the virtual space of peer connectivity enabled by mobile communications.

Toward multistandard mobile terminals - fully integrated receivers requirements and architectures

Abstract: In the recent past, there has been an evolution in wireless communications toward multifunctions and multistandard mobile terminals. Reducing the number of external components to a minimum is key when the same mobile terminal has to process several different standards. Highly integrated solutions in low-cost silicon technologies are thus required. Zero-IF and low-IF receiver architectures are most suitable for a high level of integration. This paper presents a review of global system for mobile communications, universal mobile telecommunication system, Bluetooth, and wireless local area network (IEEE802.11a, b, g and HiperLAN2) standards, likely to all be present in the "universal" terminal of the future, enabling global roaming and wireless connectivity. The various standards are analyzed in order to find the optimal architecture and the building-block specifications for the receive section, with particular care to the RF front-end. State-of-the-art solutions are discussed, with emphasis on direct conversion CMOS implementations. A multistandard architecture for a fully-integrated CMOS receiver is proposed.

Passive radar using Global System for Mobile communication signal: theory, implementation and measurements

Abstract: Passive radars using illuminators of opportunity have attracted much attention in the international radar community. One existing radio transmission system that may be utilised for this purpose is the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). The paper presents a study showing the feasibility of using a GSM signal for passive radar. The analysis of the GSM waveform, and any significance or influence it has with respect to the passive radar design considerations are investigated in detail. The paper describes fully the design and implementation of a low-cost GSM-based passive radar prototype in addition to the associated signal processing scheme. Numerous measurements for various ground-moving targets were investigated extensively. The preliminary processing results demonstrate the feasibility of using GSM signals as a radar waveform and have the potential capability to detect and track different types of ground-moving targets.

Simulation of Rayleigh-faded mobile-to-mobile communication channels

Abstract: Mobile-to-mobile channels find increasing applications in futuristic intelligent transport systems, ad hoc mobile wireless networks, and relay-based cellular networks. Their statistical properties are quite different from typical cellular radio channels, thereby requiring new methods for their simulation. This paper proposes a "double-ring" model to simulate the mobile-to-mobile local scattering environment, and develops sum-of-sinusoids (SoS)-based models for simulating such channels. The proposed models produce waveforms having desired statistical properties with good accuracy, and also remove some drawbacks of an existing model derived by using the discrete line spectrum simulation method.

Increasing Advertising Value of Mobile Marketing - An Empirical Study of Antecedents

Abstract: Mobile marketing offers great opportunities for businesses. Marketing activities supported by mobile devices allow companies to directly communicate with their consumers without time or location barriers. Possibilities for marketers are numerous, but many aspects of mobile marketing still need further investigation. Especially, the topic of mobile advertising (m-advertising) is of major interest. M-advertising addresses consumers with individualized advertising messages via mobile devices. The underlying paper discusses the relevance of m-advertising and investigates how perceived advertising value of mobile marketing can be increased. The analysis is based on a study among consumers. All together a quota sample of 815 mobile phone users was interviewed. The results indicate that the message content is of greatest relevance for the perceived advertising value, while a high frequency of message exposure has a negative impact on it.

Mobile device communication system

Abstract: A method and system to conduct financial transactions over a communication network is provided. Data associated with a mobile communication device user is received and stored, and a user mobile airtime account is allocated to the user. A purchase request is received from the user via a mobile communication device, the purchase request being for a purchase from a merchant for a purchase amount. The communication network provides the user access to the network to make the purchase request without debiting a financial account of the user or the user mobile airtime account for the access to the communication network. A payment service provider now automatically debits the financial account of the user with the purchase amount, automatically allocates a service fee which is associated with the purchase amount to the mobile service provider and credits an account of the mobile service provider with the service fee. The payment service provider also automatically credits an account of the merchant with at least a portion of a remainder of the purchase amount.

Telecommunications services apparatus and methods

Abstract: A telecommunications services apparatus, in a mobile telecommunications network, comprises means (2) for receiving a MAP Send Routing Information for Short Message (SRIlSM message) originating from another network and operate to forward the SRIlSM message to a home location register (4), means for receiving a response from the home location register (4) to the SRIlSM message, means for temporarily storing information relating to the SRIlSM response and οperable to pass said response on to a network address identified as the originating address, and means for receiving a MAP Mobile Terminated Forward Short Message (MTlFwdlSM message) from the other network and operable to correlate the MTlFwdlSM message with a previously-sent SRIlSM response using stored information. The apparatus is operable to detect and selectively reject MTlFwdlSM messages for which there is at least insufficient correlation between the MTlFwdlSM message and the previously-sent SRIlSM response, and to pass other MTlFwdlSM messages on to their respective destinations. The apparatus may include means for modifying IMSI information in the SRIlSM response, which may be operable to store information relating to the modified SRIlSM response and operable to pass the modified response on to the originating address network. In that case, the correlation determination may be made between the MTlFwdlSM message and a previously-sent modified SRIlSM response.

Bluetooth telemedicine Processor for multichannel biomedical signal transmission via mobile cellular networks

Abstract: One of the emerging issues in m-Health is how best to exploit the mobile communications technologies that are now almost globally available. The challenge is to produce a system to transmit a patient's biomedical signals directly to a hospital for monitoring or diagnosis, using an unmodified mobile telephone. The paper focuses on the design of a processor, which samples signals from sensors on the patient. It then transmits digital data over a Bluetooth link to a mobile telephone that uses the General Packet Radio Service. The modular design adopted is intended to provide a "future-proofed" system, whose functionality may be upgraded by modifying the software.

Partitioning based mobile element scheduling in wireless sensor networks

Abstract: In recent studies, using mobile elements (MEs) as mechanical carriers of data has been shown to be an effective way of prolonging sensor network life time and relaying information in partitioned networks. As the data generation rates of sensors may vary, some sensors need to be visited more frequently than others. In this paper, a partitioning-based algorithm is presented that schedules the movements of MEs in a sensor network such that there is no data loss due to buffer overflow. Simulation results show that the proposed Partitioning Based Scheduling (PBS) algorithm performs well in terms of reducing the minimum required ME speed to prevent data loss, providing high predictability in inter-visit durations, and minimizing the data loss rate for the cases when the ME is constrained to move slower than the minimum required ME speed.

Managing sponsored content based on geographic region

Abstract: Improved search capabilities are disclosed for mobile communications devices such as cell phones, as well as improved techniques for delivering sponsored content in a mobile communication environment.

Mobile communications : re-negotiation of the social sphere

Abstract: Research Questions for the Evolving Communications Landscape- Mobile Back to Front: Uncertainty and Danger in the Theory-Technology Relation- Wi-Fi Networks and the Reorganization of Wireline-Wireless Relationship- Mobile Phones as Fashion Statements: The Co-creation of Mobile Communication's Public Meaning- Behavioral Changes at the Mobile Workplace: A Symbolic Interactionistic Approach- Being Mobile with the Mobile: Cellular Telephony and Renegotiations of Public Transport as Public Sphere- Mobile Phones, Japanese Youth, and the Re-placement of Social Contact- Phone Talk- Mobile Camera Phones: A New Form of "Being Together" in Daily Interpersonal Communication- Tell Me About Your Mobile and I'll Tell You Who You Are: Israelis Talk About Themselves- Mobile Telephone and the Presentation of Self- "Surprisingly, Nobody Tried to Caution Her": Perceptions of Intentionality and the Role of Social Responsibility in the Public Use of Mobile Phones- Changing Learning and Teaching Cultures?- Mobile Phone Addiction- Does Personality Affect Peoples' Attitude Towards Mobile Phone Use in Public Places?- Tethered or Mobile? Use of Away Messages in Instant Messaging by American College Students- Language Use in Swedish Mobile Text Messaging- The Sociolinguistics of SMS: An Analysis of SMS Use by a Random Sample of Norwegians- The Construction of Symbolic Values of the Mobile Phone in the Hong Kong Chinese Print Media- Instrumentality Challenged: The Adoption of a Mobile Parking Service- Relationship Deepening Through Mobile and Interactive Services- The Integration of Mobile Alerts into Everyday Life- The Wired - and Wireless - Japanese: Webphones, PCs and Social Networks

Distributed Cooperative coverage Control of Sensor Networks

Abstract: We present a distributed coverage control scheme for cooperating mobile sensor networks The mission space is modeled using a density function representing the frequency of random events taking place, with mobile sensors operating over a limited range defined by a probabilistic model A gradient-based algorithm is designed requiring local information at each sensor and maximizing the joint detection probabilities of random events We also incorporate communication costs into the coverage control problem, viewing the sensor network as a multi-source, single-basestation data collection network Communication cost is modeled as the power consumption needed to deliver collected data from sensor nodes, thus trading off sensing coverage and communication cost The control Scheme is tested in a simulation environment to illustrate its adaptive, distributed, and asynchronous properties

Dialing services on a mobile handset and remote provisioning therefor

Abstract: A mobile communication device such as a mobile telephone comprises: a communication management module configured to use logic in order to manage communication, for example, correct dialing sequences, translate short codes between networks, set preferences for connecting to roaming networks etc.; and an update unit which obtains data from the network in order to update the logic at the phone so that the communication management is carried out at the telephone based on dynamically updated data. The invention is particularly applicable to roaming users.

Mobile communication device and method therefor

Abstract: Methods, systems and mobile communication devices for the operation of mobile communication devices; such a method including: providing an operable display area on a mobile communication device; displaying an array of one or more selectable items in said operable display area; displaying an array of features for said selected one item; and providing for highlighting a selected one item of the said one or more selectable items and/or features.

User defined location based notification for a mobile communications device systems and methods

Abstract: A communication system is described, including a mobile communications device, a mobile communications base station, and a server computer system. The location of the device may be correlated with certain user preferences stored on the server computer system. The components of the larger system are also described. In some cases, various location related mapping functions for a device are discussed. In other cases, systems and methods which provide for activities to be undertaken based on the location of a device are described. The disclosure also addresses systems and methods of efficiently determining the location of a mobile device. In some cases, different notification schemes based on the location of a device and specified preferences are described. The disclosure also addresses systems and methods for keyword monitoring based on the location of a device.

A multidimensional scaling framework for mobile location using time-of-arrival measurements

Abstract: Localization of mobile phones is now a very popular research topic. A simple algorithm is devised for mobile location estimation using time-of-arrival measurements of the signal from the mobile station received at three or more base stations, via modifying the classical multidimensional scaling technique, which has been developed for analyzing data obtained from physical, biological, and behavioral science. The bias and variance of the proposed algorithm are also derived. Computer simulations are included to corroborate the theoretical development and to contrast the estimator performance with several conventional approaches as well as the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao lower bound.

Adoption and usage of M-commerce: a cross-cultural comparison of Hong Kong and the United Kingdom

Abstract: Researchers and industry commentators alike have been both fascinated and perplexed by variations in take-up and usage of m-commerce services in different countries around the world. Our research compares m-commerce usage in the United Kingdom and in Hong Kong, areas with apparently similar mobile telecommunications infrastructures but with markedly different cultural profiles. We find significant differences between the UK and Hong Kong in usage of and attitudes to m-commerce services. We attribute these differences to the levels of collectivism and power distance in the cultures and to structural differences between the two markets. Attitudes to m-commerce services are formed by cultural and structural factors, consequently the search for a single, global killer application may be misguided. An understanding of the cultural dimensions of a market can aid marketers immensely in developing appropriate m-commerce services, marketing these appropriately and in setting realistic adoption targets. Keywords: Adoption; Cross-cultural study; Hong Kong; Mobile Internet; United Kingdom 1. Introduction The explosive growth of penetration and usage of mobile devices is frequently noted in research studies [Barnes and Scornavacca 2004; Dholakia et al 2004; Massoud and Gupta 2003]. By 2009 the number of mobile telephone subscribers is estimated to outstrip that of fixed-line subscribers [ITU 2000, cited in Dholakia et al. 2004]. The widespread availability of mobile phones that can handle digital data and that are connected to digital communications infrastructure means that the scene is set for the widespread adoption of m-commerce (defined as the use of mobile, wireless (handheld) devices to communicate and conduct transactions through public and private networks [Balasubramanian et al. 2002]). However, the development of m-commerce has been comparatively slow [Mylonakis 2004] and research suggests that it is seen as expensive, with poor service and usability [Jarvpenaa et al. 2003]. There are, nonetheless, indications of growth in consumer interest in m-commerce services. Research conducted in western Europe finds that consumer interest in m-commerce services and mobile payments increased from 23% in 2001 to 39% in 2003 [Strategy Analytics 2004]. In the UK added value mobile services grew by 29% to £1.4 billion, which is equivalent to 4.3% of total mobile revenues [Ofcom 2004]. Research by ATKearney [2004] finds that worldwide use of the mobile phone to pay for services grew from 3% of respondents in 2003 to 10% in 2004. Possibly the largest single use of m-commerce to date occurred on January 17 2005 when mobile phone users in the UK donated over £1 million via SMS to the relief fund following the Asian tsunami of 26 December 2004 [Telecom Paper 2005]. Adoption and usage of m-commerce services have been highly variable between countries; according to Dholakia et al [2004 p7], "the adoption of mobile technology does not follow any single universal logic or pattern". Differences in adoption and usage between countries may be attributable to differences in the mobile telecommunications infrastructure, to the range of m-commerce services on offer, to the marketing strategies utilised by service providers and to the underlying culture of the consumers of m-commerce services. We seek to investigate the role that culture plays in explaining differences in adoption, usage and attitudes to m-commerce by comparing countries which have broadly similar m-commerce infrastructures [same operators, same technology platform) and service portfolios, but markedly different cultural profiles. Our objective is to inform decision making in the mcommerce industry. 2. M-Commerce Infrastructure In Hong Kong And The United Kingdom Hong Kong and the United Kingdom have among the highest mobile telephony penetration rates in the world at 91% and 82.5% respectively [OFTA 2003]. The telecommunication industry in Hong Kong has been shaped by intensive competition, with 6 operators licensed to serve a population of 6. …

Method for Electronic Payment

Abstract: The invention is a system for facilitating credit card transactions. The system operates in a setting that includes a merchant platform, a System platform and a subscriber mobile device. The merchant platform is in electronic data communications with the System platform and the subscriber mobile device is in electronic data communication with the System platform. The merchant platform receives transaction information though voice communications from a subscriber and a portion of the transaction information is sent electronically to the System platform. The System platform electronically communicates a subset of the portion to the mobile communications device, and the mobile communications device sending data related to account information to the System platform. The System platform electronically transmitting this account information to a Processor for payment authorization.

Mobile communications terminal having an improved user interface and method therefor

Abstract: A mobile communication terminal (1) having a display (3) with an application area (22) thereon. The application area is partitioned into at least two unequally sized sections (22a, 22b). The size of the application area allocated to the respective application area sections (22a, 22b) is dynamically controlled in response to user input.

Mobile phones as a challenge for m-learning: examples for mobile interactive learning objects (MILOs)

Abstract: The widespread use of mobile phones (in Europe often called "handles") enables a long awaited dream: learning at any place, at any time. This "not being tied to particular locations" is for example especially interesting in the area of medicine i.e. for vocational training of medical staff and students. As the amount of medical information continues to grow, timely access to information is critical to medical personnel. However, such applications can not be the 1:1 transformation of standard computerized learning material; special design issues must be considered. In this paper we present a practical approach to m-learning and call it "mobile interactive learning objects" (MILOs) which are used within a mobile learning engine (MLE) that runs on mobile phones. MILOs can offer manifold possibilities for new kinds of communication and explorative learning.

Mobile phones, mobile phone base stations and cancer: a review

Abstract: There have been reports in the media and claims in the courts that radiofrequency (RF) emissions from mobile phones are a cause of cancer, and there have been numerous public objections to the siting of mobile phone base antennas because of a fear of cancer. This review summarizes the current state of evidence concerning whether the RF energy used for wireless communication might be carcinogenic. Relevant studies were identified by searching MedLine with a combination of exposure and endpoint terms. This was supplemented by a review of the over 1700 citations assembled by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety as part of their updating of the IEEE C95.1 RF energy safety guidelines. Where there were multiple studies, preference was given to recent reports, to positive reports of effects and to attempts to confirm such positive reports. Biophysical considerations indicate that there is little theoretical basis for anticipating that RF energy would have significant biological effects at the power levels used by modern mobile phones and their base station antennas. The epidemiological evidence for a causal association between cancer and RF energy is weak and limited. Animal studies have provided no consistent evidence that exposure to RF energy at non-thermal intensities causes or promotes cancer. Extensive in vitro studies have found no consistent evidence of genotoxic potential, but in vitro studies assessing the epigenetic potential of RF energy are limited. Overall, a weight-of-evidence evaluation shows that the current evidence for a causal association between cancer and exposure to RF energy is weak and unconvincing. However, the existing epidemiology is limited and the possibility of epigenetic effects has not been thoroughly evaluated, so that additional research in those areas will be required for a more thorough assessment of the possibility of a causal connection between cancer and the RF energy from mobile telecommunications.

A ubiquitous mobile communication architecture for next-generation heterogeneous wireless systems

Abstract: Rapid progress in research and development of wireless networking and communication technologies have created different types of wireless systems (e.g., Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, UMTS, and satellite networks). These systems are envisioned to coordinate with each other to provide ubiquitous high-data-rate services to mobile users. In this article, the architecture for ubiquitous mobile communications (AMC) is introduced that integrates these heterogeneous wireless systems. AMC eliminates the need for direct service level agreements among service providers by using a third party, a network interoperating agent. Instead of deploying a totally new infrastructure, AMC extends the existing infrastructure to integrate heterogeneous wireless systems. It uses IP as the interconnection protocol. By using IP as the gluing protocol, transparency to the heterogeneities of the individual systems is achieved in AMC. Third-party-based authentication and billing algorithms are designed for AMC. New mobility management protocols are also developed to support seamless roaming between different wireless systems.

Mobile Phone Addiction

Abstract: The use and the definition of mobile phone is undergoing reinterpretation as the mobile phone blurs the distinction between personal communicator and mass media. The mobile phone has become one of the most omnipresent communication devices within the past decade. According to Cohen and Lemish (2002), mobile phones used to be an esoteric device. Today, the mobile phone is certainly the most pervasive communicative device that people carry. The mobile phone can connect people “anytime”,“anywhere” and with “any body”, with the added benefit of mobility and portability. Especially in Korea, mobile phone use has proliferated since the first service was launched 15 years ago. In fact, Korea’s mobile phone penetration has reached at 66%1 (Ministry of Information and Communication, 2002) and Korea is one of the leading countries in the world in the areas of mobile phone use and technology. With the wide spread and high penetration of mobile phones, Koreans use the mobile phone literally at any time, anywhere and with anybody – from subways to restrooms. The rapid adoption of the mobile phone can be attributed to many factors, including increased portability, subsidized subscriptions, declining costs and added value-added services. No segment of Korean society is exempt from the mobile phone culture. Furthermore, mobile phone technology is becoming more advanced every year, especially in the Korean market. For example, new mobile telephone models are offered every 3 months from numerous manufacturers. Also, mobile phone users now can watch movies, play video games, listen to music, pay for goods and services and so forth. Hence the mobile telephone is “more than meets the eye”. 17

Toward a generic "always best connected" capability in integrated WLAN/UMTS cellular mobile networks (and beyond)

Abstract: The next generation of mobile communications, broadly referred to as 4G, is based on a heterogeneous infrastructure comprising different wireless (and wired) access systems in a complementary manner. 4G mobile users enjoys seamless mobility and ubiquitous access to applications in an always best connected (ABC) mode that employs the most efficient combination of available access systems. The ongoing commercialization of 3G cellular mobile networks and their upcoming enhancement with WLAN radio access provides a wireless platform suitable for the introduction of "ABC" capabilities. We analyze the implications of the "ABC" vision in a UMTS/WLAN network context, and reveal important issues that arise. Further on, we identify major requirements, point out the limitations of current UTMS/WLAN standards from an ABC viewpoint, and discuss key enabling technologies and research efforts. We formulate a generic application model for an ABC capability in the interworked UMTS/WLAN architecture and analyze its complexity proving that, in principle, being always best connected translates to a family of NP-hard problems. To complement our analysis, we present an object-oriented design of a real-time UML model for an ABC mobile system. Finally, we summarize the advantages of our ABC model and provide directions for future work.

Retrieving video data via a coded surface

Abstract: A method of retrieving audio data using a print medium, comprising the steps of: determining a print media identifier from the print medium using a sensor module of a mobile telecommunications device, the print media identifier having been linked to the audio data; and, retrieving, using the mobile telecommunications device, the audio data.