Darleen A. Sandoval

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the therapeutic value of VSG does not result from mechanical restriction imposed by a smaller stomach, rather, VSG is associated with increased circulating bile acids, and associated changes to gut microbial communities, which point to bile acid and FXR signalling as an important molecular underpinning for the beneficial effects of this weight-loss surgery.

TL;DR: The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that these individual constituent activities harmonize to govern the overall metabolic efficacy, which predominantly results from synergistic glucagon action to increase energy expenditure, GLP-1 action to reduce caloric intake and improve glucose control, and GIP action to potentiate the incretin effect and buffer against the diabetogenic effect of inherent glucagon activity.

TL;DR: The results indicate that pancreatic acinar cells produce, release, and respond to TNFalpha, a cytokine that regulates apoptosis in both isolated pancreas and experimental pancreatitis.

TL;DR: The physiological functions of both glucagon and GLP-1 are discussed by comparing and contrasting how these peptides function, variably in concert and opposition, to regulate glucose and energy homeostasis.