다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Since the discovery of mechanically exfoliated graphene in 2004, research on ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has grown exponentially in the fields of condensed matter physics, material science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. Highlighting their compelling physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties, as well as their various potential applications, in this Review, we summarize the state-of-art progress on the ultrathin 2D nanomaterials with a particular emphasis on their recent advances. First, we introduce the unique advances on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials, followed by the description of their composition and crystal structures. The assortments of their synthetic methods are then summarized, including insights on their advantages and limitations, alongside some recommendations on suitable characterization techniques. We also discuss in detail the utilization of these ultrathin 2D nanomaterials for wide ranges of potential applications among the electronics/optoelectronics, electrocat...

Recent Advances in Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

New homo trinuclear Zn(II) complexes [Zn3L1(μ-OAc)](ClO4)2·3CHCl3·H2O, 1, and [Zn3L1(μ-OAc)]·ClO4·PF6·5CH3OH·H2O, 2, and hetero trinuclear complex [Zn2CuL1(μ-OAc)](ClO4)2·3CHCl3·H2O, 3, of optically active hexaaza triphenolic macrocycle H3L1 were synthesized and crystallographically characterized. The cation [Zn3L1(μ-OAc)]+ structure of 1 and 2 closely resembles the trinuclear Zn(II) active site of P1 nuclease. The distorted tetrahedral geometry of Zn3 was successfully reproduced at Cu1 in complex 3. The complexes 2 and 3 cleave CT DNA at 37 and 50 °C.

Synthesis, Structure, and DNA Cleavage Activity of New Trinuclear Zn3 and Zn2Cu Complexes of a Chiral Macrocycle: Structural Correlation with the Active Center of P1 Nuclease

Since the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional materials with atomic thickness have attracted much attention because of their characteristic physical and chemical properties. Recently, coordination nanosheets (CONASHs) came into the world as new series of two-dimensional frameworks, which can show various functions based on metal complexes formed by numerous combinations of metal ions and ligands. This Feature Article provides an overview of recent progress in synthesizing CONASHs and in elucidating their intriguing electrical, sensing, and catalytic properties. We also review recent theoretical studies on the prediction of the unique electronic structures, magnetism, and catalytic ability of materials based on CONASHs. Future prospects for applying CONASHs to novel applications are also discussed.

Coordination Programming of Two-Dimensional Metal Complex Frameworks.

We have developed a convenient and efficient approach to the arylation of tertiary silanes under mild conditions. A variety of arylsilanes were synthesized in a one-step process with good to excellent yields in the presence of a rhodium catalyst with a base. The reaction was highly solvent dependent, and amides were the most effective of the various solvents used. This common catalyst system is highly tolerant of the various sensitive functional groups on the substrates, which might be difficult to extract by other methods. The rhodium-promoted silylation of aryl halides with electron-donating groups occurred more efficiently than the silylation of aryl halides substituted with electron-withdrawing groups. Heteroaromatic halides were also found to be readily silylated with tertiary silanes. The successful application of this reaction to the synthesis of a TAC-101 analogue, which is a trialkylsilyl-containing synthetic retinoid benzoic acid derivative with selective binding affinity for retinoic acid receptor-alpha, is also described.

Direct and Selective Arylation of Tertiary Silanes with Rhodium Catalyst

Synthesis of optically active tertiary silanes via Pd-catalyzed enantioselective arylation of secondary silanes

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of reports concerning conjugated ferrocene systems in the following three categories: (1) oligo- .and poly-ferrocenylenes, (2) ferrocene oligomers and polymers with conjugated spacers, and (3) ferrocene–acceptor conjugated compounds. The chapter reviews studies of mixed-valence complexes; as a result, the redox properties and functionalities of the conjugated ferrocene systems are a primary focus. In particular, analysis of the intramolecular electronic interaction based on the neighboring-site interaction model, isomerization behavior of azoferrocene, and proton-coupled intramolecular electron transfer in ferrocene–quinone complexes are described in each category. The studies on the fundamental properties, and especially redox behavior, of conjugated ferrocene systems have been surveyed. Various kinds of ferrocene dinuclear mixed-valence complexes have been synthesized and their physical properties investigated. To understand the intramolecular electron-transfer mechanism and dynamics in such complexes is important in elucidating fundamental concepts regarding the development of redox-based molecular devices. The next stage of research on the conjugated ferrocene systems should be to identify the intramolecular electronic events between multiple redox nuclei, to control internuclear electron transfer using external stimuli, and to combine the redox abilities of ferrocene.

Hiroshi Nishihara

Papers

Synthesis, Structure, and DNA Cleavage Activity of New Trinuclear Zn3 and Zn2Cu Complexes of a Chiral Macrocycle: Structural Correlation with the Active Center of P1 Nuclease

Coordination Programming of Two-Dimensional Metal Complex Frameworks.

Direct and Selective Arylation of Tertiary Silanes with Rhodium Catalyst

Synthesis of optically active tertiary silanes via Pd-catalyzed enantioselective arylation of secondary silanes

Redox chemistry and functionalities of conjugated ferrocene systems