다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Since the discovery of mechanically exfoliated graphene in 2004, research on ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has grown exponentially in the fields of condensed matter physics, material science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. Highlighting their compelling physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties, as well as their various potential applications, in this Review, we summarize the state-of-art progress on the ultrathin 2D nanomaterials with a particular emphasis on their recent advances. First, we introduce the unique advances on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials, followed by the description of their composition and crystal structures. The assortments of their synthetic methods are then summarized, including insights on their advantages and limitations, alongside some recommendations on suitable characterization techniques. We also discuss in detail the utilization of these ultrathin 2D nanomaterials for wide ranges of potential applications among the electronics/optoelectronics, electrocat...

Recent Advances in Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

A H2 generation system based on the cyanobacterial photosystem I (PSI) reconstituted with 1,4-naphthoquinone-stabilized Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs) was constructed. Irradiating the system with red light (680 nm) and using sodium l(+)-ascorbate as the sacrificial electron donor generated H2, which was detected by GC. The light-induced H2 generation was observed at a maximum rate of 0.026 mol H2 h−1 (mol PSI)−1 using 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) as the mediator. The H2 evolution was increased to 0.053 mol H2 h−1 (mol PSI)−1 in the presence of cytochrome c (cyt c) as the mediator.

A Photochemical Hydrogen Evolution System Combining Cyanobacterial Photosystem I and Platinum Nanoparticle-terminated Molecular Wires

“Coordination programming” is a new chemical term invented recently in Japan. This new concept was the inspiration for a 5-year project entitled “Coordination Programming: Science of Molecular Superstructures towards Chemical Devices” which began in September 2009 and was funded by a Grant in-Aid for Scientific Research on a Priority Area from MEXT, Japan. The project is headed by Professor Hiroshi Nishihara, University of Tokyo, and involves more than 100 researchers. Sophisticated biological phenomena such as photosynthesis or enzymatic reactions rely upon a series of high efficiency systems whose functions combine light harvesting, redox reactions, transport, and molecular conversions. Such molecular functions have excited chemists for a long time. On the other hand, electronic and photo-switchable devices are usually constructed from simple molecular systems such as low nuclearity complexes, liquid crystals or conductive polymers. Such systems can, however, be extended to increase their size or vary their electronic state through, for instance, macromolecular, integrated molecular, supramolecular and molecular organization, thus allowing the functional interconnection of molecular components to occur in expanded fields. However, we are still unable to effectively tune the functionality of an extended molecular system by coordination chemistry. At the same time, technology for characterizing and patterning sub-nano, nano, and meso structures has been established using lithography and scanning probe microscopy. The realization of artificial neural networks based on molecular components, one of the most important research goals of this century, is attainable by the downstream integration of complex molecular systems and surfaceaddressing technologies. However, there remains a gap between the molecular functionalities and their device integration. We created a new area, Coordination Programming, through the incorporation and collaboration of active researchers with top-level skills in broad areas in order to bridge this gap. “Coordination Programming: Science of Molecular Superstructures towards Chemical Devices” comprises various areas of research. Fundamental scientific studies for the generation of materials (molecular superstructures) with precisely determined structures in the nanoand meso-scopic regions are being developed through the application of coordination chemistry in conjunction with material science, surface chemistry and peripheral fields such as future electronic devices. At its core, “programming” entails the molecular design of materials in which the interplay between transition metal ions is mediated by both direct interactions and through the chemical superstructure, thus coordination programming is an essential approach to the construction of systems with targeted physical and chemical functionalities. Coordination programming includes four primary research areas: (i) Interface programming: surfaceimmobilized multi-component molecular systems prepared by coordination programming, which exhibit unique deviceapplicable functionalities based on the combination of physical, chemical and biological functions of the components. (ii) Cluster programming: multinuclear transition metal cluster systems, which display bistable physical properties, switchable through the application of various external stimuli, such as temperature, light, electric field, and magnetic field among others. (iii) Supramolecular programming: molecular superstructures based on supramolecular systems for advanced energy and/or chemical conversion, amplifying electron and/or energy transfer without any loss. (iv) Biochemical programming: bioinspired multiple molecular systems in which electronic communications between molecular components generate new reactivities or physical characteristics as emergent properties. The project on “Coordination Programming” will end in March 2014. However, we believe that this project is just the beginning of a new field of coordination chemistry, which will be developed by linking coordination chemistry to various other fields of chemistry, as well as to the fields of physics, biology, and material science in research centers across the world. Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. E-mail: nisihara@chem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp; Fax: +81-3-5841-8063; Tel: +81-3-5841-4346 Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan. E-mail: oshio@chem.tsukuba.ac.jp; Fax: +81-29-853-4238; Tel: +81-29-853-4238

Coordination programming: science of molecular superstructures towards chemical devices

In this communication, we report the synthesis of triarylamine-conjugated bis(dipyrrinato)zinc(II) complexes 1 and 2, and disclose their photochemical and electrochemical properties. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by means of single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The effect of the triarylamine moieties on the UV-vis spectra of 1 and 2 was not large, although it significantly quenched the fluorescence of 1 and 2. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry revealed that 1 and 2 underwent oxidation up to four electrons. Since they bear two triarylamine entities and two dipyrrinato ligands, the oxidation is assignable to the one-electron oxidation processes of each of the four moieties. The redox reversibility was much higher in 2 than that in 1. The introduction of ethyl groups on the 2 and 6 positions of dipyrrin moieties contributed to the enhancement of the electrochemical reversibility. © The Electrochemical Society of Japan, All rights reserved.

Triarylamine-Conjugated Bis(dipyrrinato)zinc(II) Complexes: Impact of Triarylamine on Photochemical Property and Multi-Redox Reaction

Summary form only given. Transition metal complex polymers involving highly and linearly /spl pi/-conjugated organic moieties have a possibility to show novel physical and chemical properties based on electronic interaction between /spl pi/-electrons (orbitals) and d-orbitals (electrons). Our previous study has shown that successive addition reaction of 4,4'-diethynylbiphenyl to CoCp(PPh/sub 3/)/sub 2/] gives a /spl pi/-conjugated organometallic polymer, poly(4,4'-biphenylene 2,5-cobaltacyclopenta-2,4-dienylene) as an insoluble material. We report here a study on the synthesis of soluble cobaltacyclopentadiene oligomers and polymers. The soluble oligomers and polymers, HC/spl equiv/C-C/sub 6/H/sub 4/{C/sub 4/H/sub 2/[Co(hexyl-Cp)(PPh/sub 3/)]-C/sub 6/H/sub 4/}nC/spl equiv/CH, were obtained by a reaction of [Co(hexyl-Cp)(PPh/sub 3/)/sub 2/] with p-diethynylbenzene. The n-hexyl group introduced in Cp ring increases the solubility of the polymers in common organic solvents such as toluene. The products were separated with a recycling preparative HPLC apparatus into several oligomers and a polymer. Characterization and electrochemical properties of the products will be reported.

Synthesis of soluble cobaltacyclopentadiene oligomers and polymers

Deeply colored soluble polyacetylenes were synthesized from 1-ethynylnaphthalene and 3,6-dibutyl-9-ethynylphenanthrene by employing a tungsten (IV) catalyst. Since 2-ethynylnaphthalene gave the less conjugated polymer, connection mode of the aromatic pendants was found to be essential for maintaining the conjugated structure of the polyene chain. Electrochromic properties of poly(1-ethynylnaphthalene) were also studied.

Hiroshi Nishihara

Papers

A Photochemical Hydrogen Evolution System Combining Cyanobacterial Photosystem I and Platinum Nanoparticle-terminated Molecular Wires

Coordination programming: science of molecular superstructures towards chemical devices

Triarylamine-Conjugated Bis(dipyrrinato)zinc(II) Complexes: Impact of Triarylamine on Photochemical Property and Multi-Redox Reaction

Synthesis of soluble cobaltacyclopentadiene oligomers and polymers

Synthesis of Deeply Colored Soluble Polyacetylenes from 1-Ethynylnaphthalene and 3,6-Dibutyl-9-ethynylphenanthrene