다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Since the discovery of mechanically exfoliated graphene in 2004, research on ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has grown exponentially in the fields of condensed matter physics, material science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. Highlighting their compelling physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties, as well as their various potential applications, in this Review, we summarize the state-of-art progress on the ultrathin 2D nanomaterials with a particular emphasis on their recent advances. First, we introduce the unique advances on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials, followed by the description of their composition and crystal structures. The assortments of their synthetic methods are then summarized, including insights on their advantages and limitations, alongside some recommendations on suitable characterization techniques. We also discuss in detail the utilization of these ultrathin 2D nanomaterials for wide ranges of potential applications among the electronics/optoelectronics, electrocat...

Recent Advances in Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

A series of ω-alkene-1-thiol-stabilized gold nanoparticles were prepared by a wet process and then covalently linked to a hydrogen-terminated silicon(111) surface with Si−C bonds via a thermal hydrosilylation reaction. The modified silicon surfaces were observed mainly by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). The HR-SEM images revealed that the gold nanoparticles protected with 2-propene-1-thiol (C3) were covalently bound to the hydrogen-terminated silicon surface, after which the nanoparticles self-fused; on the other hand, gold nanoparticles protected with 5-hexene-1-thiol (C6) or 10-undecene-1-thiol (C11) were linked to the hydrogen-terminated silicon surface independently. These surfaces were stable in air and can be stored for several months without detectable decomposition.

Immobilization of Gold Nanoparticles onto Silicon Surfaces by Si−C Covalent Bonds

Azobenzene-conjugated mononuclear and dinuclear terpyridyl complexes of CoII, CoIII, and FeII were synthesized, and their photoisomerization behavior was investigated. CoII and CoIII complexes, [tpyCo(tpy-AB)]Xn and [(Cotpy)2(tpy-AB-tpy)]Xn (tpy-AB = C15N3H10C6H4NNC6H5, tpy-AB-tpy = C15N3H10C6H4NNC6H4C15N3H10, X = PF6 or BPh4), exhibit trans-to-cis photoisomerization by irradiation at 366 nm, and this behavior is dependent on solvents and counterions. For the CoII complexes, BPh4 salts undergo cis-to-trans isomerization in propylene carbonate by both photoirradiation with visible light (435 nm) and heat, indicating that reversible trans−cis isomerization has occurred. [Co(tpy-AB)2](BPh4)2 shows a two-step trans-to-cis isomerization process. The trans−cis isomerization behavior of CoIII complexes was observed only in the solvents with a low donor number such as 1,2-dichloroethane. FeII complexes, [tpyFe(tpy-AB)]Xn (X = PF6 or BPh4), exhibit slight trans-to-cis photoisomerization due to the energy transfer ...

Photochemical behavior of azobenzene-conjugated CoII, CoIII, and FeII bis(terpyridine) complexes.

Reversible trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene-attached bipyridine ligands coordinated to cobalt using a single UV light source and the Co(III)/Co(II) redox change.

A combination of photochromism and other molecular functionalities is an efficient way to constructnovel multi-mode photofunctional molecules. From this perspective, a considerable number of photochromicmetal complexes involving photochromic moieties and coordination compounds with unique electronic, magneticand optical properties have been investigated. One research point of interest in the photochromic complexesfocuses on how metal coordination affects the isomerization behavior of the photochromic moiety. Propermolecular structural design can more strongly stabilize a metastable state in support of feasible metal–ligandinteractions, improving the thermal durability of the molecular photomemory. Moreover, isomerization canbe caused not only by the excitation at the photochromic moiety, but also by the stimulation (light or electron)at the metal complex moiety. The multi-moiety combined response may be able to construct an integratedmemory or a logic gate in a single molecule. Another research point of interest focuses on howstructural conversion at the photochromic moiety affects electromagnetic properties at the complex moiety.Several studies have shown how photon information/energy is converted to luminescence, an electronic signal,or a magnetic response at the complex moiety. Interactions between multiple complex moieties can alsobe reversibly tuned with light when the photochromic moiety is used as a spacer between them. Herewe review recent studies on the combination of photochromic moieties with coordination compounds, categorizingthe research findings according to the structure of the photochromic moieties.

Hiroshi Nishihara

Papers

Immobilization of Gold Nanoparticles onto Silicon Surfaces by Si−C Covalent Bonds

Photochemical behavior of azobenzene-conjugated CoII, CoIII, and FeII bis(terpyridine) complexes.

Reversible trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene-attached bipyridine ligands coordinated to cobalt using a single UV light source and the Co(III)/Co(II) redox change.

Metal-based Photoswitches Derived from Photoisomerization

Anion selective polymeric membrane electrodes based on metallocenes