Marc H. Bornstein

TL;DR: The findings suggest that adolescent-driven communication efforts, and adolescent secrecy in particular, are important predictors of adolescent psychological problems as well as facilitators of parent–adolescent communication.

TL;DR: Fetal cardiac function was measured at 24, 30, and 36 weeks gestation and quantified in terms of heart rate, variability, and episodic accelerations and children's representational capacity was evaluated at 27 months.

TL;DR: Ecologically valid measurement of mother–infant behaviour is difficult and Observations often rely on short snapshots with a researcher present, so such measurements are difficult to evaluate.

Abstract: How do girls and boys in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in the majority world vary with respect to central indicators of child growth and mortality, parental caregiving, discipline and violence, and child labor? How do key indicators of national gender equity and economic development relate to gender similarities and differences in each of these substantive areas of child development? This monograph of the SRCD is concerned with central topics of child gender, gendered parenting, gendered environments, and gendered behaviors and socializing practices in the underresearched and underserved world of LMIC To examine protective and risk factors related to child gender in LMIC around the world, we used data from more than 2 million individuals in 400,000 families in 41 LMIC collected in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, a household survey that includes nationally representative samples of participating countries In the first chapter of this monograph, we describe the conceptual "gender similarities" and "bioecological" frameworks that helped guide the monograph In the second chapter, we detail the general methodology adhered to in the substantive chapters Then, in topical chapters, we describe the situations of girls and boys with successive foci on child growth and mortality, parental caregiving, family discipline and violence, and child labor We conclude with a general discussion of findings from the substantive chapters in the context of gender and bioecological theories Across 41 LMIC and four substantive areas of child development, few major gender differences emerged Our data support a gender similarities view and suggest that general emphases on early child gender differences may be overstated at least for the developing world of LMIC