抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

ABCD
: Appropriate Blood pressure Control in Diabetes
ABI
: ankle–brachial index
ABPM
: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
ACCESS
: Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survival
ACCOMPLISH
: Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension
ACCORD
: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACTIVE I
: Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events
ADVANCE
: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation
AHEAD
: Action for HEAlth in Diabetes
ALLHAT
: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart ATtack
ALTITUDE
: ALiskiren Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-renal Endpoints
ANTIPAF
: ANgioTensin II Antagonist In Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
APOLLO
: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly People
ARB
: angiotensin receptor blocker
ARIC
: Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities
ARR
: aldosterone renin ratio
ASCOT
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial
ASCOT-LLA
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm
ASTRAL
: Angioplasty and STenting for Renal Artery Lesions
A-V
: atrioventricular
BB
: beta-blocker
BMI
: body mass index
BP
: blood pressure
BSA
: body surface area
CA
: calcium antagonist
CABG
: coronary artery bypass graft
CAPPP
: CAPtopril Prevention Project
CAPRAF
: CAndesartan in the Prevention of Relapsing Atrial Fibrillation
CHD
: coronary heart disease
CHHIPS
: Controlling Hypertension and Hypertension Immediately Post-Stroke
CKD
: chronic kidney disease
CKD-EPI
: Chronic Kidney Disease—EPIdemiology collaboration
CONVINCE
: Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of CV Endpoints
CT
: computed tomography
CV
: cardiovascular
CVD
: cardiovascular disease
D
: diuretic
DASH
: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
DBP
: diastolic blood pressure
DCCT
: Diabetes Control and Complications Study
DIRECT
: DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials
DM
: diabetes mellitus
DPP-4
: dipeptidyl peptidase 4
EAS
: European Atherosclerosis Society
EASD
: European Association for the Study of Diabetes
ECG
: electrocardiogram
EF
: ejection fraction
eGFR
: estimated glomerular filtration rate
ELSA
: European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis
ESC
: European Society of Cardiology
ESH
: European Society of Hypertension
ESRD
: end-stage renal disease
EXPLOR
: Amlodipine–Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure more Effectively than the Amlodipine–Atenolol Combination
FDA
: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FEVER
: Felodipine EVent Reduction study
GISSI-AF
: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Atrial Fibrillation
HbA1c
: glycated haemoglobin
HBPM
: home blood pressure monitoring
HOPE
: Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation
HOT
: Hypertension Optimal Treatment
HRT
: hormone replacement therapy
HT
: hypertension
HYVET
: HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial
IMT
: intima-media thickness
I-PRESERVE
: Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function
INTERHEART
: Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries
INVEST
: INternational VErapamil SR/T Trandolapril
ISH
: Isolated systolic hypertension
JNC
: Joint National Committee
JUPITER
: Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin
LAVi
: left atrial volume index
LIFE
: Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertensives
LV
: left ventricle/left ventricular
LVH
: left ventricular hypertrophy
LVM
: left ventricular mass
MDRD
: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
MRFIT
: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
MRI
: magnetic resonance imaging
NORDIL
: The Nordic Diltiazem Intervention study
OC
: oral contraceptive
OD
: organ damage
ONTARGET
: ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial
PAD
: peripheral artery disease
PATHS
: Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension Study
PCI
: percutaneous coronary intervention
PPAR
: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PREVEND
: Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease
PROFESS
: Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Secondary Strokes
PROGRESS
: Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study
PWV
: pulse wave velocity
QALY
: Quality adjusted life years
RAA
: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
RAS
: renin-angiotensin system
RCT
: randomized controlled trials
RF
: risk factor
ROADMAP
: Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes MicroAlbuminuria Prevention
SBP
: systolic blood pressure
SCAST
: Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Candesartan for Treatment of Acute STroke
SCOPE
: Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly
SCORE
: Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation
SHEP
: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
STOP
: Swedish Trials in Old Patients with Hypertension
STOP-2
: The second Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension
SYSTCHINA
: SYSTolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Chinese trial
SYSTEUR
: SYSTolic Hypertension in Europe
TIA
: transient ischaemic attack
TOHP
: Trials Of Hypertension Prevention
TRANSCEND
: Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease
UKPDS
: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
VADT
: Veterans' Affairs Diabetes Trial
VALUE
: Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation
WHO
: World Health Organization

### 1.1 Principles

The 2013 guidelines on hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology …

/pdf/2013-esh-esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-arterial-4ydvs5ifsx.pdf

2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)

https://caltcm.memberclicks.net/assets/documents/acc_aha_chf_2013_guidelines.pdf

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines

A trial fibrillation (AF) is by far the most common sustained arrhythmia in the population. Its prevalence is highly age-related and is increasing with aging of the population, to the point where the term epidemic has been applied. The presently available therapeutic options all have intrinsic limitations. The most appealing approach to AF therapy would be to achieve and maintain sinus rhythm. This approach is commonly called rhythm control. However, most patients who experience AF will have subsequent recurrences in the absence of additional therapy to maintain sinus rhythm. The classical approach to sinus-rhythm maintenance has been the use of channel-blocking antiarrhythmic agents. Although such agents do promote sinusrhythm maintenance, they also carry a risk of serious adverse effects, the most disturbing of which is the induction of potentially lethal tachyarrhythmias via collateral actions on the ventricles. An alternative approach to controlling the adverse consequences of AF is simply to control the ventricular response rate by reducing the number of atrial impulses that conduct through the atrioventricular node, a method called rate control. Whatever approach is chosen, it is necessary to prevent thromboembolic complications resulting from the prothrombotic atrial stasis that accompanies AF. In theory, perfect sinus rhythm maintenance should prevent such complications; however, perhaps because sinus rhythm maintenance is usually imperfect with present rhythm-control therapies, oral anticoagulants are generally needed to prevent thromboemboli in high-risk AF patients, whether they are managed with rhythm or rate control approaches. Despite the theoretical advantages of sinus-rhythmmaintenance, severalwell-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate superiority of rhythm over rate control approaches, both in the broad AF population and more recently in a heart failure cohort. We are thus left with an apparent paradox; despite the conceptual superiority of sinus rhythm maintenance in AF patients, the available evidence suggests that aiming to maintain sinus rhythm with presently available antiarrhythmic drug approaches is not clinically advantageous for the AF population as a whole. Therefore, the currently accepted treatment strategy is to favor rate control for all patients who have AF that is either asymptomatic or can be rendered asymptomatic with proper rate control. In practice, rate control is not a viable solution for many patients. Significant numbers of patients feel ill during AF, even with adequate rate control. There is evidence that, even with good rate control, AF may impair ventricular function. Finally, some patients cannot achieve adequate rate control or have periods of bradycardia that require permanent ventricular pacemaking. The growing importance of AF as a clinical problem, the inadequacy of presently available pharmacological approaches, and rapid developments in understanding the pathophysiology of AF have led to great ferment in the development of new therapeutic avenues. In recognition of the active evolution of this area, the Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology has decided to present a series of review articles dealing with important issues relating to new therapeutic approaches to AF. A schematic diagram of the areas to be covered is presented in Figure 1.

Evolving developments in the therapeutics of atrial fibrillation: addressing an unmet need.

AB46-4: Model-dependent effects of a gap junction conduction enhancing antiarrhythmic peptide (rotigaptide) on experimental atrial fibrillation

346 Dormant conduction after pulmonary vein isolation for AF: Prevalence and predictive factors from the advice trial

Canadian Journal of Cardiology: A Year of Change

-Tubulin Proteostasis in Experimental and Human Atrial Fibrillation α Derailment of Activation of Histone Deacetylase-6 (HDAC6) Induces Contractile Dysfunction through

Stanley Nattel

Papers

Evolving developments in the therapeutics of atrial fibrillation: addressing an unmet need.

AB46-4: Model-dependent effects of a gap junction conduction enhancing antiarrhythmic peptide (rotigaptide) on experimental atrial fibrillation

346 Dormant conduction after pulmonary vein isolation for AF: Prevalence and predictive factors from the advice trial

Canadian Journal of Cardiology: A Year of Change

-Tubulin Proteostasis in Experimental and Human Atrial Fibrillation α Derailment of Activation of Histone Deacetylase-6 (HDAC6) Induces Contractile Dysfunction through