Geelong Football Club

About: Geelong Football Club is a based out in . It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Wool. The organization has 1503 authors who have published 1826 publications receiving 34162 citations. The organization is also known as: Geelong Cats.

Nomenclature of avian interferon proteins.

Abstract: 547 THE FIRST AVIAN INTERFERON (IFN) cloned was a type I molecule from a cDNA library generated from chicken embryonic cells that had been aged in vitro to produce large amounts of IFN when induced.(1) This chicken interferon (ChIFN) was indistinguishable from native material in that it possessed high antiviral activity, was acid and heat stable, induced the Mx gene, was active in a glycosylated or nonglycosylated form, and lacked macrophage-activating factor activity.(1–3) The first type II ChIFN was cloned from a cDNA expression library generated from a chicken T cell line and was shown to be acid and heat labile and capable of inducing nitric oxide (NO) and MHC class II antigen expression in chicken macrophages,(4,5) as well as guanylate-binding proteins (GBP) and IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) in a chicken fibroblast line.(5) ChIFN types I and II are antigenically distinct.(4–6) Thus, as in mammalian systems, avian IFN can be assigned to two types based on biologic, biochemical, and antigenic properties. Several IFN genes now have been cloned from the chicken(1–6) as well as from other avian species,(7–10) and the activity of their encoded proteins has been characterized. There follows a brief description of these characteristics and a standardized nomenclature for avian IFN based on their genetic, structural, and functional features. Although avian IFN reveal low overall levels of amino acid identity to mammalian IFN of comparable function, conservation of several features, including a highly conserved region, along with the analogous biologic and biochemical attributes they share, prompted us to adopt a similar nomenclature for practical use, recognizing that it may not reflect gene phylogeny.(11)

The changing epidemiology worldwide of Mycobacterium ulcerans.

Abstract: Mycobacterium ulcerans is recognised as the third most common mycobacterial infection worldwide. It causes necrotising infections of skin and soft tissue and is classified as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, despite extensive research, the environmental reservoir of the organism and mode of transmission of the infection to humans remain unknown. This limits the ability to design and implement public health interventions to effectively and consistently prevent the spread and reduce the incidence of this disease. In recent years, the epidemiology of the disease has changed. In most endemic regions of the world, the number of cases reported to the WHO are reducing, with a 64% reduction in cases reported worldwide in the last 9 years. Conversely, in a smaller number of countries including Australia and Nigeria, reported cases are increasing at a rapid rate, new endemic areas continue to appear, and in Australia cases are becoming more severe. The reasons for this changing epidemiology are unknown. We review the epidemiology of M. ulcerans disease worldwide, and document recent changes. We also outline and discuss the current state of knowledge on the ecology of M. ulcerans, possible transmission mechanisms to humans and what may be enabling the spread of M. ulcerans into new endemic areas.

Rheumatoid arthritis and incident fracture in women: a case-control study.

Abstract: Background To examine fracture incidence in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for an entire geographical region of south-eastern Australia.