Showing papers by "Indiana University published in 1986"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify six categories of self-reports and discuss such problems as common method variance, the consistency motif, and social desirability, as well as statistical and post hoc remedies and some procedural methods for dealing with artifactual bias.
14,482 citations
University of Miami1, New York University2, Stanford University3, University of Michigan4, George Washington University5, Indiana University6, University of Pittsburgh7, Queen's University8, North Shore-LIJ Health System9, Johns Hopkins University10, SUNY Downstate Medical Center11, University of Alabama at Birmingham12, University of Florida13, Harvard University14, Boston University15, Case Western Reserve University16, Washington University in St. Louis17, Menorah Medical Center18, Stony Brook University19, University of Kansas20
TL;DR: Variables from the medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and radiographs were used to develop sets of criteria that serve different investigative purposes and these proposed criteria utilize classification trees, or algorithms.
Abstract: For the purposes of classification, it should be specified whether osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is of unknown origin (idiopathic, primary) or is related to a known medical condition or event (secondary). Clinical criteria for the classification of idiopathic OA of the knee were developed through a multicenter study group. Comparison diagnoses included rheumatoid arthritis and other painful conditions of the knee, exclusive of referred or para-articular pain. Variables from the medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and radiographs were used to develop sets of criteria that serve different investigative purposes. In contrast to prior criteria, these proposed criteria utilize classification trees, or algorithms.
6,160 citations
TL;DR: The emergence of a new paradigm of inquiry (naturalistic) has led to a demand for rigorous criteria that meet traditional standards of inquiry, and two sets are suggested, one of which, the “trustworthiness” criteria, parallels conventional criteria, while the second, “authenticity" criteria, is implied directly by new paradigm assumptions.
Abstract: The emergence of a new paradigm of inquiry (naturalistic) has, unsurprisingly enough, led to a demand for rigorous criteria that meet traditional standards of inquiry. Two sets are suggested, one of which, the “trustworthiness” criteria, parallels conventional criteria, while the second, “authenticity” criteria, is implied directly by new paradigm assumptions.
2,372 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the importance of network management in international operations and in industrial and services marketing, especially in the context of non-profit agencies, and propose an alternative between the open market and the internalization of activity.
Abstract: Summary Interorganizational networks generally have been discussed in the context of nonprofit agencies. Providing an alternative between the open market and the internalization of activity the network potentially may be even more important in business. This is especially true in international operations and in industrial and services marketing. Involving technology transfer, information exchange, accounting and finance as well as marketing, network management calls for a holistic approach. To serve as an engine of growth the network also requires strategic planning both at the overall level and in memberfirms.
2,286 citations
TL;DR: Attitude toward the ad (Aad) has been postulated to be a causal mediating variable in the process through which advertising influences brand attitudes and purchase intentions in this paper.
Abstract: Attitude toward the ad (Aad) has been postulated to be a causal mediating variable in the process through which advertising influences brand attitudes and purchase intentions. Previous conceptual a...
2,208 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a unified quantitative approach to modeling subjects' identification and categorization of multidimensional perceptual stimuli is proposed and tested, where subjects identify and categorize the same set of perceptually confusable stimuli varying on separable dimensions.
Abstract: A unified quantitative approach to modeling subjects' identification and categorization of multidimensional perceptual stimuli is proposed and tested. Two subjects identified and categorized the same set of perceptually confusable stimuli varying on separable dimensions. The identification data were modeled using Sbepard's (1957) multidimensional scaling-choice framework. This framework was then extended to model the subjects' categorization performance. The categorization model, which generalizes the context theory of classification developed by Medin and Schaffer (1978), assumes that subjects store category exemplars in memory. Classification decisions are based on the similarity of stimuli to the stored exemplars. It is assumed that the same multidimensional perceptual representation underlies performance in both the identification and Categorization paradigms. However, because of the influence of selective attention, similarity relationships change systematically across the two paradigrns. Some support was gained for the hypothesis that subjects distribute attention among component dimensions so as to optimize categorization performance. Evidence was also obtained that subjects may have augmented their category representations with inferred exemplars. Implications of the results for theories of multidimensional scaling and categorization are discussed. In their 1956 classic, A Study of Thinking, Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin marveled at the capacity of people to discriminate stimuli and to identify them as unique items. At the same time they stressed the importance of categorization, the process by which discriminably different things are classified into groups and are thereby rendered equivalent. In one sense the processes of identification and categorization seem diametrically opposed, the former dealing with the particular and the latter with the general. Yet similar principles may underlie subjects' identification and categorization of multidimensional stimuli, and performance in these tasks may be highly related. Indeed, the present research renews the issue explored previously by Shepard, Hovland, and Jenkins (1961) and Shepard and Chang (1963)namely, Do the principles of stimulus generalization underlying identification performance also underlie categorization performance? Furthermore, given knowledge of performance in an identification paradigm, can one predict performance in a categorization paradigm using the same set of stimuli?
2,148 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that attitudes characterized by a strong association between the attitude object and an evaluation of that object are capable of being activated from memory automatically upon the mere presentation of an attitude object.
Abstract: We hypothesized that attitudes characterized by a strong association between the attitude object and an evaluation of that object are capable of being activated from memory automatically upon mere presentation of the attitude object. We used a priming procedure to examine the extent to which the mere presentation of an attitude object would facilitate the latency with which subjects could indicate whether a subsequently presented target adjective had a positive or a negative connotation. Across three experiments, facilitation was observed on trials involving evaluatively congruent primes (attitude objects) and targets, provided that the attitude object possessed a strong evaluative association. In Experiments 1 and 2, preexperimentally strong and weak associations were identified via a measurement procedure. In Experiment 3, the strength of the object-evaluation association was manipulated. The results indicated that attitudes can be automatically activated and that the strength of the object-evaluation association determines the likelihood of such automatic activation. The implications of these findings for a variety of issues regarding attitudes--including their functional value, stability, effects on later behavior, and measurement--are discussed.
2,003 citations
TL;DR: The new definition of expectation generalizes the integral of a set-valued function and derives the Lebesgue-dominated convergence type theorem by considering a suitable generalization of the Hausdorff metric.
1,814 citations
TL;DR: Engagement personnel dans l'entreprise and turnover Quatre modeles de causalite sont examines A travers deux echantillons on a etudie as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Engagement personnel dans l'entreprise et turnover Quatre modeles de causalite sont examines A travers deux echantillons on a etudie: 1) les relations entre les caracteristiques personnel/entreprise et la satisfaction professionnelle; 2) les relations entre la satisfaction professionnelle et l'engagement personnel
1,341 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a general equilibrium model is constructed to study tax competition, where local governments compete for capital by holding down property tax rates and public expenditure levels, and both the existence and nonexistence of tax competition are shown to be theoretically possible.
1,146 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that spin polarized determinants for an antiferromagnetic transition metal dimer and spin projected states obtained from them contribute to the Heisenberg coupling constant J describing a ladder of spin states.
TL;DR: Technical strategies are described which useinant DNA methodology and rapid nucleotide sequence determinations to analyze phylogenetic and quantitative aspects of mixed, naturally occurring microbial populations.
Abstract: Recombinant DNA methodology and rapid nucleotide sequence determinations have changed the face of cell biology in the past few years. This technology offers powerful new tools to the microbial ecologist as well. In this chapter we describe technical strategies we are developing which use these methods to analyze phylogenetic and quantitative aspects of mixed, naturally occurring microbial populations.
TL;DR: This article was originally presented as the President's address at the meeting of the Society for the Study of Public Choice at the Hilton Hotel, Phoenix, Arizona, March 30, 1984.
Abstract: This article was originally presented as the President's address at the meeting of the Society for the Study of Public Choice at the Hilton Hotel, Phoenix, pcs. Arizona, March 30, 1984. I thank the National Science Foundation for support (Grant ¹ SES 83-09829), and William Erickson-Blomqvist, Roy Gardner, Robert Herzberg, Larry Kiser, Vincent Ostrom, Roger Parks, Paul Sabatier, Reinhard Celty, Kenneth Shepsli and York for Wilburn comments on the article at the stage of its preparation.
TL;DR: It was hypothesized that the extent to which individuals' attitudes guide their subsequent perceptions of and behavior toward the attitude object is a function of the accessibility of those attitudes from memory, and a field investigation concerning the 1984 presidential election was conducted as a test of these hypotheses.
Abstract: It was hypothesized that the extent to which individuals' attitudes guide their subsequent perceptions of and behavior toward the attitude object is a function of the accessibility of those attitudes from memory. A field investigation concerning the 1984 presidential election was conducted as a test of these hypotheses. Attitudes toward each of the two candidates, Reagan and Mondale, and the accessibility of those attitudes, as indicated by the latency of response to the attitudinal inquiry, were measured for a large sample of townspeople months before the election. Judgments of the performance of the candidates during the televised debates served as the measure of subsequent perceptions, and voting served as the measure of subsequent behavior. As predicted, both the attitude-perception and the attitude-behavior relations were moderated by attitude accessibility. The implications of these findings for theoretical models of the processes by which attitudes guide behavior, along with their practical implications for survey research, are discussed.
TL;DR: The authors discuss several issues in the timing, construction, and analysis of manipulation and confounding checks in marketing experiments and three alternative approaches for assessing the construct validity of experimental manipulations.
Abstract: The authors discuss several issues in the timing, construction, and analysis of manipulation and confounding checks in marketing experiments. A review of 34 experiments involving latent independent...
TL;DR: Isotopic compositions of isolated samples from other localities are consistent with a worldwide extended interval of enhanced organic burial and consequent net survival of oxidized material, probably O2, just before the initial radiation of metazoans.
Abstract: Analyses of stratigraphically continuous suites of samples from Upper Proterozoic sedimentary successions of East Greenland, Spitsbergen and Nordaustlandet (Svalbard) provide an approximation to the secular variation in carbon isotope ratios during a geologically and biologically important period of change from around 900 million years ago to the beginning of the Cambrian period. Late Riphean carbonates and organic material show a stratigraphically useful pattern of enrichment in 13C relative to Phanerozoic or earlier Proterozoic samples. Isotopic compositions of isolated samples from other localities are consistent with a worldwide extended interval of enhanced organic burial and consequent net survival of oxidized material, probably O2, just before the initial radiation of metazoans.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report meta-analyses of the relation of attributional styles to depression in 104 studies involving nearly 15,000 subjects, and several attributional patterns had reliable associations with depression scores.
Abstract: In this article we report meta-analyses of the relation of attributional styles to depression. In 104 studies involving nearly 15,000 subjects, several attributional patterns had reliable associations with depression scores. For negative events, attributions to internal, stable, and global causes had a reliable and significant association with depression. Studies in which the attribution factors of ability and luck were measured also showed a reliable association with depression. For positive events, attributions to external, unstable, and specific causes were associated with depression. Ability and luck attribution factors for positive events were also associated with depression. The relations for positive events, however, were weaker than the corresponding ones for negative events. In general, these patterns of relations were independent of a number of potential mediators suggested by authors in this literature, including the type of subject studied (psychiatric vs. college student), the type of event about which the attribution is made (real vs. simulated), the depression measure used, or the publication status of the research report. These conclusions are compared with those of other reviews. Implications for attributional models of depression are discussed.
TL;DR: Variant isoenzymes produced at the two polymorphic alcohol dehydrogenase loci account for the differences in enzyme electrophoretic patterns observed among individuals, and this may accounts for the 2‐ to 3‐fold variation in alcohol elimination rate among individuals.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The suppressive effects of TNF did not appear to be mediated via endogenous T lymphocytes and/or monocytes in the bone marrow preparation, and a pulse exposure of marrow cells with TNF for 60 min resulted in maximal or near maximal inhibition when compared with cells left with T NF for the full culture incubation period.
Abstract: The influences of human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (LuKII), recombinant human TNF-alpha, natural human interferon-gamma (HuIFN-gamma), recombinant HuIFN-gamma, and natural HuIFN-alpha were evaluated alone or in combination for their effects in vitro on colony formation by human bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), erythroid (BFU-E), and multipotential (CFU-GEMM) progenitor cells incubated at 5% CO2 in lowered (5%) O2 tension. TNF (LuKII) and recombinant TNF-alpha caused a similar dose-dependent inhibition of colony formation from CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-GEMM. Day 7 CFU-GM colonies were more sensitive than both day 14 CFU-GM colonies and day 7 CFU-GM clusters to inhibition by TNF. BFU-E colonies and CFU-GEMM colonies were least sensitive to inhibition with TNF. The suppressive effects of TNF (LuKII) and recombinant TNF-alpha were inactivated respectively with hetero-anti-human TNF (LuKII) and monoclonal anti-recombinant human TNF-alpha. The hetero-anti-TNF (LuKII) did not inactivate the suppressive effects of TNF-alpha and the monoclonal anti-recombinant TNF-alpha did not inactivate TNF (LuKII). The suppressive effects of TNF did not appear to be mediated via endogenous T lymphocytes and/or monocytes in the bone marrow preparation, and a pulse exposure of marrow cells with TNF for 60 min resulted in maximal or near maximal inhibition when compared with cells left with TNF for the full culture incubation period. A degree of species specificity was noted in that human TNF were more active against human marrow CFU-GM colonies than against mouse marrow CFU-GM colonies. Samples of bone marrow from patients with non-remission myeloid leukemia were set up in the CFU-GM assay and formed the characteristic abnormal growth pattern of large numbers of small sized clusters. These cluster-forming cells were more sensitive to inhibition by TNF than were the CFU-GM colonies and clusters grown from the bone marrow of normal donors. The sensitivity to TNF of colony formation by CFU-GM of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in partial or complete remission was comparable with that of normal donors. When combinations of TNF and HuIFN were evaluated together, it was noted that TNF (LuKII) or recombinant TNF synergized with natural or recombinant HuIFN-gamma, but not with HuIFN-alpha, to suppress colony formation of CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-GEMM from bone marrow of normal donors at concentrations that had no suppressive effects when molecules were used alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TL;DR: In this paper, a new supersymmetric mechanism for flavor violation is introduced, which can greatly affect the chiral symmetry structure of the theory, especially if the top quark is not very heavy.
TL;DR: In this paper, two experiments investigated the judgmental and behavioral consequences of priming a social category and found that subjects then behaved consistently with their evaluations of the target person in a social interaction.
Abstract: Two experiments investigated the judgmental and behavioral consequences of priming a social category. In the first experiment, assimilation and contrast effects of judgment of a target person's hostility obtained following priming with exemplars of, respectively, moderate and extreme levels of the category hostility. The second experiment replicated these findings and, in addition, demonstrated that subjects then behaved consistently with their evaluations of the target person in a social interaction. The results are discussed in terms of the social interaction literature, with category accessibility serving as a means of creating an expectancy for the target's behavior.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of the compositional maturity of first-cycle fluvial sandstones in the Fountain Formation and the Gondwana supergroup of Peninsular India is presented.
Abstract: Systematic variations in compositional maturity of first-cycle fluvial sandstones are found in the Cutler Formation (Permian) and Fountain Formation (Permian-Pennsylvanian) in Colorado and in the Gondwana Supergroup (Permian-Triassic) of Peninsular India. These variations reflect changing climate during deposition. Climate is considered to be the critical factor affecting maturity because source rocks (granite, granite gneiss) and tectono-environmental setting (alluvial systems associated with basement-cored block uplifts) were similar and remained relatively unchanged throughout deposition of all three of the units. The roughly 3,200-m-thick Gondwana succession, consisting of five sandstone petrofacies, is characterized by the following sequence of change (oldest to youngest) in compositional maturity expressed in Q/F/R percentages: 54:42:4 88:10:2 62:34:4 82:16:2 99:1:0. This sequence is a function of the changing paleoclimate (glacial arid temperate humid warm semiarid warm semihumid warm humid) associated with the overall global limatic change and the changing latitudinal location of India as it moved from a location close to the South Pole northward during the interval of time represented by Gondwana deposition. Lithologic and fossil evidence indicates that, during deposition of the Fountain Formation, climate gradually changed from relatively wet and warm to at least semiarid and warm. This climatic change is the main factor responsible for the difference in compositional maturity of the older Fountain sandstone (Q:F:R-65:26:9) relative to the younger (Q:F:R-54:36:10). Cutler sandstone was deposited in an arid climate and has maximum compositional immaturity (Q:F:R-49:44:7). A log/log plot of the ratio of total quartz to total feldspar plus rock fragments against the ratio of total polycrystalline quartz to to al feldspar plus rock fragments is a sensitive discriminator of first-cycle sandstones with differing climatic heritage. Bulk chemical composition data support interpretation of climate from framework mineralogy, but by themselves are not sensitive enough to be unequivocal indicators. The same is true for the ZTR index and observations of degree and abundance of solution pits/embayments on detrital quartz. Results of this study support the conclusion of earlier empirical and theoretical analyses which suggest that the optimum conditions for the production and preservation of a distinctive climatic signature on sand composition are met in extensional plate-tectonic settings. Such settings are characterized by coarse-grained crystalline parent rocks, short transport distances in low-order streams, deposition in nonroutine environments, and shallow-burial diagenesis. However, even in such optimum settings, only rarely will climate be a more important determinant of sandstone composition than the tectonic setting itself.
TL;DR: It is established that phospholamban is an oligomer of small, identical polypeptide chains, which could form amphipathic helices sufficiently long to traverse the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.
TL;DR: In this article, a field study of the automobile distribution channel is used to examine how dealers' perceptions of their manufacturers' power are related to the latter's use of coercive and non-coercive power.
Abstract: Data from a field study of the automobile distribution channel are used to examine how dealers’ perceptions of their manufacturers’ power are related to the latter's use of coercive and noncoercive...
TL;DR: A total of 982 patients underwent 1,416 treatments with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for upper urinary tract calculi between February 23 and December 17, 1984 and 72 per cent were free of stones at the 3-month followup.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a longitudinal design to investigate age-related changes in the magnitude of peer and parent influences on adolescent cigarette smoking and found that both peer and parental influences were significant predictors of subsequent transitions to higher levels of smoking.
Abstract: The current study used a longitudinal design to investigate age-related changes in the magnitude of peer and parent influences on adolescent cigarette smoking. Both peer and parent influences were significant predictors of subsequent transitions to higher levels of smoking. However, unlike previous cross-sectional research, the magnitude of peer and parent influences did not significantly vary across the 6thto 1 lth-grade levels. Additional analyses were undertaken to explore possible explanations for the differences between results produced by cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches. Implications for the study of transitions across the life span are discussed.
TL;DR: A strong law of large numbers and a central limit theorem are proved for independent and identically distributed fuzzy random variables, whose values are fuzzy sets with compact levels.
Abstract: A strong law of large numbers and a central limit theorem are proved for independent and identically distributed fuzzy random variables, whose values are fuzzy sets with compact levels. The proofs are based on embedding theorems as well as on probability techniques in Banach space.
TL;DR: In this article, three hypothesis-confirmation strategies were examined: evidence being sought to the extent that it is more likely under the hypothesis being tested than under the alternative, the tendency to ask questions that will have the effect of making the hypothesis under test appear to be true, and a diagnosing strategy under which people prefer evidence that is most differentially probable under both the hypothesis and the alternative.
TL;DR: In this article, the Satisfaction-Performance Relationship for College Students was investigated. But the authors focused on the satisfaction-performance relationship for college students and did not consider the performance of college students.
Abstract: (1986) Untangling the Satisfaction-Performance Relationship for College Students The Journal of Higher Education: Vol 57, No 4, pp 393-412