Showing papers by "Memorial University of Newfoundland published in 1993"
Johns Hopkins University1, University of Helsinki2, National Institutes of Health3, University of Denver4, Los Alamos National Laboratory5, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center6, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio7, Centre national de la recherche scientifique8, Memorial University of Newfoundland9, University of Auckland10, Creighton University11
TL;DR: Somatic as well as germline mutations of the gene were identified in RER+ tumor cells, and this mutS homolog is likely to be responsible for HNPCC.
2,297 citations
TL;DR: Results prove the existence of a genetically determined predisposition to colorectal cancer that has important ramifications for understanding and preventing this disease.
Abstract: Genetic linkage analysis was used to determine whether a specific chromosomal locus could be implicated in families with a history of early onset cancer but with no other unique features. Close linkage of disease to anonymous microsatellite markers on chromosome 2 was demonstrated in two large kindreds. The pairwise lod scores for linkage to marker D2S123 in these kindreds were 6.39 and 1.45 at zero recombination, and multipoint linkage with flanking markers resulted in lod scores of 6.47 and 6.01. These results prove the existence of a genetically determined predisposition to colorectal cancer that has important ramifications for understanding and preventing this disease.
918 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of techniques for preparation of micro-encapsulated food ingredients and choices of coating material is presented, as well as characterisation of microcapsules, mechanisms of controlled release, and efficiency of protection/stabilization of encapsulated foods.
Abstract: Microencapsulation is a relatively new technology that is used for protection, stabilization, and slow release of food ingredients. The encapsulating or wall materials used generally consist of starch, starch derivatives, proteins, gums, lipids, or any combination of them. Methods of encapsulation of food ingredients include spray-drying, freeze-drying, fluidized bed-coating, extrusion, cocrystallization, molecular inclusion, and coacervation. This paper reviews techniques for preparation of microencapsulated food ingredients and choices of coating material. Characterization of microcapsules, mechanisms of controlled release, and efficiency of protection/stabilization of encapsulated food ingredients are also presented.
795 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that infantile amnesia is a chimera of a previously unexplored relationship between the development of a cognitive sense of self and the personalization of event memory.
Abstract: Historical and current theories of infantile amnesia are examined. To evaluate the viability of these theories, as well as the phenomenon of infantile amnesia itself, a review of memory development from birth through the preschool years is provided, including an overview of relevant perceptual and neurological maturation. In the context of this review, extant theories of infantile amnesia are shown to falter, and it is concluded that infantile amnesia is a chimera of a previously unexplored relationship between the development of a cognitive sense of self and the personalization of event memory. This hypothesis is examined in detail and discussed in the context of related developments in language and social cognition.
363 citations
Université de Sherbrooke1, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston2, Harvard University3, University of Western Ontario4, University of British Columbia5, University of Manitoba6, Laval University7, Washington University in St. Louis8, United States Department of Veterans Affairs9, Université de Montréal10, McGill University11, Wellesley College12, Geisinger Medical Center13, Queen's University14, Memorial University of Newfoundland15
TL;DR: The threshold for the admission of patients to a coronary care unit or for the use of invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the early and late periods after an infarction is higher in Canada than in the United States, which is associated with a higher frequency of activity-limiting angina.
Abstract: Background There are major differences in the organization of the health care systems in Canada and the United States. We hypothesized that these differences may be accompanied by differences in patient care. Methods To test our hypothesis, we compared the treatment patterns for patients with acute myocardial infarction in 19 Canadian and 93 United States hospitals participating in the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) study, which tested the effectiveness of captopril in this population of patients after a myocardial infarction. Results In Canada, 51 percent of the patients admitted to a participating coronary care unit had acute myocardial infarctions, as compared with only 35 percent in the United States (P<0.001). Despite the similar clinical characteristics of the 1573 U.S. patients and 658 Canadian patients participating in the study, coronary arteriography was more commonly performed in the United States than in Canada (in 68 percent vs. 35 percent, P<0.001), as were revascularization pro...
303 citations
TL;DR: This method was used to directly locate a phosphoserine residue in a phosphopeptide, and lends itself to very high sample throughput at very low per cycle cost.
Abstract: A new approach to protein sequencing is described It consists of two steps: (i) ladder-generating chemistry, the controlled generation from a polypeptide chain by wet chemistry of a family of sequence-defining peptide fragments, each differing from the next by one amino acid; and (ii) data readout, a one-step readout of the resulting protein sequencing ladder by matrix-assisted laser-desorption mass spectrometry Each amino acid was identified from the mass difference between successive peaks, and the position in the data set defined the sequence of the original peptide chain This method was used to directly locate a phosphoserine residue in a phosphopeptide The protein ladder sequencing method lends itself to very high sample throughput at very low per cycle cost
292 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the first trace element partition coefficients measured on experimentally produced products (clinopyroxene, garnet, rutile, and glass) by laser ablation microprobe-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LAM-ICP-MS) were reported.
243 citations
TL;DR: A review of 5640 articles on avian blood parasites showed that 236 reported mortality or gross pathogenicity in birds, and 89% of them were concerned with mortality in domesticated birds and how to control the blood parasites involved.
Abstract: A review of 5640 articles on avian blood parasites showed that 236 reported mortality or gross pathogenicity in birds, and 89% of them were concerned with mortality in domesticated birds and how to control the blood parasites involved. Only 6% of records concerned birds in zoological gardens; the remainder referred to mortality in wild birds.
239 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the gelatinization transition temperatures (GTT) and enthalpy (ΔH) increased on annealing of wheat, oat, potato and lentil starches.
Abstract: Native wheat, oat, potato and lentil starches were annealed at various starch/water ratios at 50C for time intervals ranging from 0.5 to 72 h. Annealing did not change granule size and shape. Oat starch granules were less compactly packed after annealing. X-ray diffraction patterns remained unchanged and X-ray intensities changed only marginally in all starches. The swelling factor (SF), amylose leaching (AML) and the gelatinization temperature range (GTR) decreased on annealing. The extent of decrease in SF and AML followed the order: lentil > wheat > potato > oat, while the corresponding order for GTR was: wheat > lentil > oat > potato. The gelatinization transition temperatures (GTT) and enthalpy (ΔH) increased on annealing. However, the increases in GTT and ΔH did not begin concurrently during the time course of annealing. Increases in ΔH were slower and were evident only after 1, 2, 6 and 48 h, respectively, in lentil, potato, oat and wheat starches. The extent and rate of increase in GTT and ΔH followed the order: potato > lentil > wheat > oat. The magnitude of changes in GTT and ΔH increased with increase in annealing moisture content. The susceptibility of oat starch to enzyme and acid hydrolysis increased on annealing. However, decreases occurred in the other starches (lentil > wheat > potato). Thermal and shear stability of starch granules increased on annealing (potato > lentil > wheat > oat). The results showed that the above changes in physicochemical properties were due to increased interaction between starch components during annealing.
238 citations
TL;DR: Neurocognitive outcome was usually normal, but the risk for subsequent epilepsy was 16%.
Abstract: We studied a kindred of 69 affected individuals with the autosomal dominant epileptic syndrome of benign familial neonatal convulsions, linked to chromosome 20. Forty-two percent had their seizure onset on day 3, while remission took place in 68% during the first 6 weeks. Seizures were brief and the phenotype was of a mixed seizure type, starting with tonic posture, ocular symptoms, apnea, and other autonomic features. The seizure often progressed to clonic movements and motor automatisms. The postictal state was brief, and interictally the neonates looked well. The ictal EEG pattern with generalized suppression of amplitude on onset may be relatively unique. Neurocognitive outcome was usually normal, but the risk for subsequent epilepsy was 16%. Most of the later epilepsy was generalized tonic or tonic-clonic, and some seizures were provoked, raising the possibility of an unusual form of reflex epilepsy.
209 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a laser ablation microprobe (LAM) was coupled to a commercial inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) for direct dating of single pitchblende and zircon grains.
TL;DR: In the past several years, there has been growing interest in scheduling problems where jobs are penalized both for being early and for being tardy as mentioned in this paper, and a number of excellent surveys on these problems have appeared over the last four years.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that increased zinc intake in early infancy may be beneficial to very low birthweight infants, especially for infants under 1,500 g. But, the results were limited to verylow birthweight (VLBW) infants.
Abstract: Inadequate zinc intake may lead to poor growth and developmental outcome in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW; < 1,500 g) infants. Fifty-two infants (mean birth weight, 1,117 +/- 287 g; mean gestational age, 29 +/- 2.9 weeks) were randomly allocated to two groups. SUPP infants received a regular term formula plus zinc supplements (4.4 mg/L; final content, 11 mg/L); PLAC infants received the same formula plus placebo (final content, 6.7 mg/L). Infants started their formula at 1,853 +/- 109 g and consumed the formula for 6 months. All subjects were evaluated at 3, 6, 9, and 12 +/- 0.75 months corrected-for-gestational-age. At each evaluation, weight, length, and head circumference were measured, a Griffiths developmental assessment was performed, and a blood sample was taken. Higher plasma zinc levels (p < 0.05) were found in the SUPP group at 1 and 3 months, and improved linear growth velocity was found in the SUPP group over the study period for the whole group as well as for girls alone. Maximum motor development scores were higher (p = 0.018) in the SUPP (98 +/- 10) than the PLAC (90 +/- 8) group, indicating that increased zinc intake in early infancy may be beneficial to VLBW infants.
TL;DR: The results of a reconnaissance study of sphalerites, their fluid inclusions, and associated minerals from Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits of North America are reported in this article.
TL;DR: The presence of cobble resulted in fewer juveniles being captured and a significant increase in the latency until the first juvenile was captured by the predator, and the effects of predation on the distribution and survival of fishes among substrate types are discussed.
Abstract: Although predator avoidance has been proposed as one possible factor influencing the distribution of fish among substrate types, no study has addressed this question directly. Groups of juvenile Atlantic cod were offered a choice between pairs of the following three substrates: sand, gravel-pebble and cobble. Their distribution on these substrates was compared prior to, during and following exposure to a predator (i.e. a larger conspecific). With no apparent risk of predation, juvenile cod preferred sand or gravel-pebble. When cobble was present, juveniles hid in the interstitial spaces of this substrate in the presence of a predator. With no cobble present, juveniles showed no preference between sand and gravel-pebble, and did not seek refuge from predation in association with these substrates. Following exposure to a predator (i.e. 2.5 h later) larger juvenile cod again showed a preference for the finer-grained substrates, but smaller individuals continued to associated with the cobble. The presence of cobble resulted in fewer juveniles being captured and a significant increase in the latency until the first juvenile was captured by the predator. Results are discussed with respect to the effects of predation on the distribution and survival of fishes among substrate types.
TL;DR: In vivo observations of the ctenidia of undisturbed bivalves, made with a fiber-optic endoscope and video image-analysis system, revealed that the two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and both mucociliary and hydrodynamic mechanisms function concurrently at different sites on the c tenidia.
Abstract: Controversy concerning the mechanism of suspension feeding in bivalves centers around whether particle capture and transport on the gills (ctenidia) is accomplished via mucociliary or hydrodynamic action. Evidence for and against these fundamentally different processes has been based on examinations of isolated feeding structures and dissected specimens, techniques that may produce artifactual data owing to the trauma associated with the procedures. In the present study, in vivo observations of the ctenidia of undisturbed bivalves, made with a fiber-optic endoscope and video image-analysis system, revealed that the two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. Both mucociliary and hydrodynamic mechanisms function concurrently at different sites on the ctenidia, thereby minimizing particle loss and optimizing particle transport efficiency. The importance of mucus in the normal feeding process of bivalves is confirmed. These findings refute results of previous studies that used surgically invasive techniques and emphasize the importance of making observations on morphologically intact specimens.
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory of reasoned action was examined as a model of attitude and behavior change based on public perceptions of the National Park Service's controlled burn policy, and the effects of belief-targ...
Abstract: The theory of reasoned action was examined as a model of attitude and behavior change based on public perceptions of the National Park Service's controlled burn policy. Also, effects of belief-targ...
TL;DR: Ass associations among parasite infections, secondary sexual traits and testosterone in male red-winged blackbirds sampled at the start of the breeding season are examined to determine whether there is a causal link between the immunosuppressive effects of testosterone and the mite infections, and between testosterone, epaulet length and male mating success.
Abstract: We examined associations among parasite infections, secondary sexual traits and testosterone in male red-winged blackbirds sampled at the start of the breeding season. Parasites quantified included ectoparasitic lice and mites and endoparasitic blood protozoans, nematodes, trematodes and cestodes. Secondary sexual traits that we quantified included body size, epaulet size and color, song repertoire size and song switching rate, and behavioral responses to male and female models. Overall we found few significant associations between parasites and secondary sexual traits, between secondary sexual traits and testosterone, or between parasites and testosterone. In addition, most parasite taxa appeared to infect birds independently, although the low prevalence (<50%) of many of the parasites meant that our sample sizes were too small to detect weak associations. Our most promising results were obtained for ectoparasitic mites, which tended to occur on birds uninfected with other parasites, on birds with longer epaulets, and on birds with higher levels of testosterone. Epaulet length and testosterone are both probable correlates of dominance in this species. Further research will be required to determine whether there is a causal link between the immunosuppressive effects of testosterone and the mite infections, and between testosterone, epaulet length and male mating success.
TL;DR: In this paper it is proved that the CTV problem is NP-hard.
TL;DR: Observations indicated that fast forward-moving sperm motility, which lasts 60-70 s, is correlated with propagating waves on the full length of the sperm flagellum with an initial beat frequency of 45-50 Hz which abruptly drops to about 10 Hz after 60-80 S.
TL;DR: It was found that several components of the health belief model and of locus of control were predictors of the behaviours of breast self-examination, attendance for cervical smears and of confidence in how to practise BSE.
Abstract: Improvements in women's cancer-screening behaviours can lead to a reduction in the incidence of breast and cervical cancer. This paper considers the utility of three social psychological models as predictors of such behaviours. Almost 400 women throughout Northern Ireland completed a questionnaire designed to measure the extent of their cancer-screening behaviour, their health beliefs about cancer, their health locus of control and their emotional control. It was found that several components of the health belief model and of locus of control were predictors of the behaviours. The most important predictor of breast self-examination was confidence in how to practise BSE while the most important predictor of attendance for cervical smears was lack of fear of the consequences of the investigation. The findings are discussed with reference to attempts to promote these practices.
TL;DR: Results suggest that inclusive fitness benefits may be associated with maintaining territories near kin versus non-kin conspecifics in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar and rainbow trout.
TL;DR: In this article, the physical mechanism of the polar halocline catastrophe (PHC) is reexamined with emphasis on the role played by the surface heat flux, and it is argued that thermal changes in the atmospheric state in response to changes in heat flux from the ocean weaken the feedback responsible for the PHC.
Abstract: In this paper, the physical mechanism of the polar halocline catastrophe (PHC) is reexamined with emphasis on the role played by the surface heat flux. It is argued that, in a coupled ocean–atmosphere system, thermal changes in the atmospheric state in response to changes in heat flux from the ocean weaken the feedback responsible for the PHC. So far, the PHC has been observed in models that use mixed boundary conditions; that is, the freshwater flux is specified, but the surface temperature is relaxed to a specified value. Previous explanations of the PHC have focused on the role of the freshwater flux in establishing a freshwater cap and shutting off the deep convection. However, the establishment of a freshwater cap reduces the depth of the water column that is cooled by surface heat loss. As a consequence, the surface temperature is reduced. Since the difference between this and atmospheric restoring temperature is now less, there is a corresponding reduction in the surface heat loss to the a...
TL;DR: In this paper, a data interpretation algorithm is developed to extract ocean wave information from HF radar backscatter observed by a narrow-beam antenna system, based on the inversion of the integral equation representing the second-order radar cross section of the ocean surface.
Abstract: A data interpretation algorithm is developed to extract ocean wave information from HF radar backscatter observed by a narrow-beam antenna system. The basis of this measurement is the inversion of the integral equation representing the second-order radar cross section of the ocean surface. This equation is numerically inverted by approximating it as a matrix equation and pseudoinverting the kernel matrix using a singular value decomposition. As a test of this algorithm, comparisons are made between wave spectrum estimates obtained from a WAVEC buoy and a pair of 25.4-MHz ground wave radars, using data collected during the 1986 Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP). Overall, the results of this experiment have been positive and have demonstrated both the basic feasibility of the inversion algorithm and the wave sensing capability of HF radar. For example, significant wave height estimates deduced by two radars differed from the buoy, in an absolute value sense, by only 0.12 m on average. When using only one radar, the mean difference of this important parameter from the buoy was a reasonable 0.33 m. >
TL;DR: In this paper, direct product-type constructions for resolvable group-divisible designs with block size three are presented. But they do not cover the problem of decomposition of K6n into a one-factors and a triangle-factor.
Abstract: We present two direct product-type constructions which will prove useful in the construction of resolvable designs. We use our constructions to complete the spectrum for resolvable group-divisible designs with block size three, as well as to give a short proof of the existence of decompositions of K6n into a one-factors and b triangle-factors for any a, b, n with a + 2b = 6n − 1 and a > 1. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: Although there is no statistical relationship between definitions and reporting, it seems clear that the decision to report involves the interplay of definitions, institutional response, and teachers' experiences with a range of reactions and personal trials.
TL;DR: This study is the initial investigation to suggest that 5-HT innervation to the olfactory bulb is important in the acquisition or expression of Olfactory-based learned behavior in the neonate rat.
TL;DR: Proteins belonging to a family of compounds known as “antifreeze proteins” interact with occytes and protect the oolemma from damage at cryogenic temperatures and may be important in developing solutions for long‐term preservation of oocytes at cryogen temperatures (cryopreservation).
Abstract: Proteins belonging to a family of compounds known as "antifreeze proteins" interact with oocytes and protect the oolemma from damage at cryogenic temperatures. Experiments were performed with pig oocytes rapidly cooled to cryogenic temperatures in vitrifying solutions with and without antifreeze proteins. Four different types of antifreeze polypeptides and glycoproteins were tested. The integrity of the oolemma was examined with Fluorescein Diacetate (FDA) staining and morphological examinations. Results show that the pig oocyte oolemma is a primary site of injury during exposure to low temperatures and that all the different proteins have a similar ability to interact with and protect the oolemma. Our results may be important in developing solutions for long-term preservation of oocytes at cryogenic temperatures (cryopreservation).
TL;DR: Assessment of reliability and validity of a formula, based on echocardiographically derived parameters, to calculate left ventricular mass index (LVMI), indicates that measurement of LVMI is highly reproducible in hemodialysis patients but that it changes significantly over the course of a he modialysis session.
Abstract: We assessed the reliability and validity of a formula, based on echocardiographically derived parameters, to calculate left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in a group of 15 chronic hemodialysis patients
01 Feb 1993
TL;DR: The concept that both nutritional deficiencies and nutritional excesses impair immune responses and alter susceptibility to infection and other diseases is strengthened and these interactions of nutrition and immunity have several practical applications for clinical medicine and public health.
Abstract: Historical accounts, recent epidemiological observations and clinical findings have strengthened the concept that both nutritional deficiencies and nutritional excesses impair immune responses and alter susceptibility to infection and other diseases (Chandra, 1992a,b). This applies equally to humans (Chandra, 1992c) and animals (Burkholder & Swecker, 1990). Four general concepts are reviewed in the present paper. First, protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and deficiencies of single nutrients impinge on immune responses. Second, nutrition is an important determinant of immunity at the two ends of the age spectrum, namely in young infants and in the elderly. Third, obesity and excessive intake of nutrients alter immunocompetence. Finally, these interactions of nutrition and immunity have several practical applications for clinical medicine and public health. The topic has been discussed extensively in monographs and review articles (Chandra & Newberne, 1977; Beisel, 1982; Cunningham-Rundles, 1982; Watson, 1984; Gershwin et al. 1985; Chandra, 1988,1990,1991, 1992b; Bendich & Chandra, 1990; Bendich et al. 1990), which contain citations to individual papers and specific studies.