Minia University

About: Minia University is a education organization based out in Minya, Egypt. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Medicine. The organization has 4967 authors who have published 8986 publications receiving 108384 citations.

Chemistry of Pyrazoles Condensed to Heteroaromatic Five- and Six-Membered Rings

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemistry of pyrazoles condensed to heteroaromatic five- and six-membered ring structures, and the synthesis of pyrazoloazines and its related compound. The synthesis of pyrazoles condensed to five-membered rings is analyzed along with the synthetic routes to ring systems. There exist three systems where pyrazoles are condensed to five-membered rings with one heteroatom. For pyrrolopyrazoles, a fourth isomerer is also possible. When the pyrazole ring is fused to a heterocyclic system in which the heteroatom is tetravalent, several isomeric structures can be drawn. The chemistry of pyrazoles condensed to six-membered rings can best be understood by assuming that the system consists of a five-membered π-excessive heterocyclic ring that is fused to a six-membered π-deficient ring. Thus, electrophilic reagents are expected to attack either the pyrazole nitrogens or carbons. On the other hand, nucleophilic reagents are expected to attack the six-membered ring. Pyrazoles condensed to a five-membered ring with one heteroatom have a π-deficient pyrazole and an electron-rich, five-membered ring.

Fine-tuned artificial intelligence model using pigeon optimizer for prediction of residual stresses during turning of Inconel 718

Abstract: Inconel 718 is a hard-to-machine alloy with very poor machinability and low thermal conductivity. Machining of such alloy is a critical manufacturing issue that should be carefully controlled to obtain machined components with acceptable accuracy and surface integrity. In this paper, hybrid machine learning (ML) models are developed to predict the induced residual stresses (RSes) during turning of Inconel 718 alloy. The developed models are composed of a traditional artificial neural network (ANN) incorporated with bio-inspired optimizers, namely pigeon optimization algorithm (POA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). These optimizers are used to fine-tune the ANN parameters to enhance its prediction accuracy. The models were trained using measured RSes at different cutting conditions. The effects of the cutting conditions, such as cutting speed, cutting depth, and feed rate on the induced RSes are also investigated. The predicted RSes obtained by the developed models were compared with the measured ones as well as with those predicted by traditional ANN. The prediction accuracy of the models was statistically evaluated using seven statistical measures. The ANN–POA and ANN–PSO outperformed the traditional ANN. The coefficient of determination of ANN–POA, ANN–PSO, and ANN was 0.991, 0.938, and 0.585, respectively, while root mean square error was 11.870, 31.487, and 119.437, respectively.

Virtual CT morphometry of lower limb long bones for estimation of the sex and stature using postmortem Japanese adult data in forensic identification.

Abstract: The application of computed tomography (CT) is useful for the documentation of whole-body anatomical data on routine autopsy, virtual reconstruction of skeletal structure, objective measurements, and reassessment by repetitive analyses. In addition, CT data processing facilitates volumetric and radiographic density analyses. Furthermore, a recently developed automated analysis system markedly improved the performance and accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. The present study investigated virtual CT morphometry of lower limb long bones, including the femur, tibia, fibula, and first metatarsus, to estimate the sex and stature using postmortem CT data of forensic autopsy cases of Japanese over 19 years of age (total n = 259, 150 males and 109 females). Bone mass volumes, lengths, and total CT attenuation values of bilateral femurs, tibias, and fibulas correlated with the stature; however, the mean CT attenuation (HU) values showed age-dependent decreases. Correlations with the stature were similar for the lengths and mass volumes of the femur, tibia, and fibula (r = 0.77–0.85) but were higher for the mass volume of the first metatarsus (r = 0.77 for right and r = 0.58 for left). In addition, the ratio of the bone volume to the length of each bone showed the most significant sex-related differences (males > females with accuracy of 75.8–98.1 %). These findings indicate the usefulness of virtual CT morphometry of individual lower limb long bones, including volumetry, to estimate the sex and stature in identification.