Showing papers by "Oregon State University published in 1984"
TL;DR: In this paper, a modele d'analyse taphonomique des vestiges fauniques is presented and tested for evaluating survivance differentielle des classes of fossiles.
454 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a two-layer model of soil hydrology is developed for applications where only limited computer time and complexity are allowed, and volumetric soil water is computed in a thin upper layer for use in calculation of surface evaporation.
Abstract: A two-layer model of soil hydrology is developed for applications where only limited computer time and complexity are allowed. Volumetric soil water is computed in a thin upper layer for use in calculation of surface evaporation. Storage of water is computed for an underlying deeper layer.
454 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a general approach for modeling wind speed and wind power is described, which is based on the development of a model of wind speed, and values of wind power are estimated by applying the appropriate transformations to values of speed.
Abstract: A general approach for modeling wind speed and wind power is described. Because wind power is a function of wind speed, the methodology is based on the development of a model of wind speed. Values of wind power are estimated by applying the appropriate transformations to values of wind speed. The wind speed modeling approach takes into account several basic features of wind speed data, including autocorrelation, non-Gaussian distribution, and diurnal nonstationarity. The positive correlation between consecutive wind speed observations is taken into account by fitting an autoregressive process to wind speed data transformed to make their distribution approximately Gaussian and standardized to remove diurnal nonstationarity. As an example, the modeling approach is applied to a small set of hourly wind speed data from the Pacific Northwest. Use of the methodology for simulating and forecasting wind speed and wind power is discussed and an illustration of each of these types of applications is presen...
445 citations
TL;DR: Aerosols from urbanized areas of the western United States and Nigeria, as well as from rural air basins with elevated vehicular traffic, contain extractable organic matter composed mainly of petroleum residues, with subordinate waxes from vascular plants and minor polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
419 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified version of the Penman relationship for potential evaporation is proposed to simply include the influence of atmospheric stability on turbulent transport of water vapor. But, the effect of atmospheric instability on the aerodynamic term of the modified relationship was not considered.
Abstract: The Penman relationship for potential evaporation is modified to simply include the influence of atmospheric stability on turbulent transport of water vapor. Explicit expressions for the stability-dependent, surface exchange coefficient developed by Louis are used. The diurnal variation of potential evaporation is computed for the stability-dependent and original Penman relationships using Wangara data. The influence of afternoon instability increases the aerodynamic term of the modified Penman relationship by 50% or more on days with moderate instability. However, the unmodified Penman relationship predicts values of daily potential evaporation close to that of the stability-dependent relationship. This agreement is partly due to compensating overestimation during nighttime hours. Errors due to use of daily-averaged variables are examined in detail by evaluating the nonlinear interactions between the diurnal variation of the variables in the Penman relationship. A simpler method for estimating t...
378 citations
TL;DR: Nine permanent cell lines have been established from five species of salmonids native to America's Pacific Northwest, derived from normal tissues of embryonic or juvenile fish, and effectively replicated one or more of the common salmonid viruses.
Abstract: Nine permanent cell lines have been established from five species of salmonids native to America's Pacific Northwest. With the exception of a hepatoma from an adult trout, the lines were derived from normal tissues of embryonic or juvenile fish. Cells were routinely grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. Optimum growth temperatures for these lines ranged from 21 to 24 degrees C. All survived storage for at least 1 yr at -65 degrees C and at least 5 yr in liquid nitrogen. Six of the lines were demonstrably free of any microbial contamination but mycoplasmas were found in three. Eight of the lines were heteroploid. The morphology of only one was fibroblastic. All the lines effectively replicated one or more of the common salmonid viruses. Isozyme patterns were consistent with those of the species of origin. These cell lines have significant application in fish virology.
357 citations
TL;DR: The history of probability forecasting in meteorology is reviewed to acquaint statisticians with this body of literature and recent methodological, experimental, and operational activities in this field are described.
Abstract: Efforts to quantify the uncertainty in weather forecasts began more than 75 years ago, and many studies and experiments involving objective and subjective probability forecasting have been conducted in meteorology in the intervening period Moreover, the US National Weather Service (NWS) initiated a nationwide program in 1965 in which precipitation probability forecasts were formulated on an operational basis and routinely disseminated to the general public In addition, the NWS now prepares objective probability forecasts for many variables, using statistical procedures Hence probability forecasting in meteorology is unique in that very large sets of probability forecasts that have been subjected to detailed evaluation are available This article has four objectives: (a) to review the history of probability forecasting in meteorology to acquaint statisticians with this body of literature; (b) to describe recent methodological, experimental, and operational activities in this field; (c) to exa
320 citations
313 citations
TL;DR: Life histories for the dominant, larger copepods of the subartic Pacific have been constructed by sampling from weatherships patrolling Ocean Station P during 1980 and 1981, suggesting low mortality rates for copepodite stages, particularly at depth in the habitat occupied during diapuse.
311 citations
TL;DR: Relations between body size and brain size indicate that human populations under severe cold stress obtain large volumes more from rounder cranial shape than from differentiation by total body size.
Abstract: A bioclimatic model is evaluated as an explanation of variation in cranial capacity among 122 ethnic groups. Distribution of absolute and relative endocranial volume is mapped. Significant correlations occur with all nine climatic variables examined. Major foci of adaptation occur with solar radiation, vapor pressure, and winter temperature. Global mean trait increase is 2.5 cm per degree of equatorial distance. The interactive geometry between cranial size and shape is described, with encephalization and brachycephalization considered as functionally connected trends. Breadth is the most important structural component determining capacity. Relations between body size and brain size indicate that human populations under severe cold stress obtain large volumes more from rounder cranial shape than from differentiation by total body size. A computerized mapping program is developed and applied to anthropometric, climatic, and HRAF files. Its potential to produce clinal depictions through the Pleistocene ("ti...
307 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors separated fine surface soil ( < 2 mm) into a light and a heavy fraction, and found that the light fraction had a consistently wider C:N ratio than the heavy, and net N mineralization during anaerobic incubation was greater from the heavy than from the light in five of six soils for which both fractions were incubated.
Abstract: Fine surface soil ( < 2 mm) from four sites in Oregon and Washington and three in Costa Rica was separated by repeated notation in NaI solution (sp. gr. < 1.2, 1.4, or 1.6 g cm−3) into a light and a heavy fraction. Most organic matter in the light fractions consisted of partly-decomposed root fragments and other plant and microbial remnants and most in the heavy fractions was adsorbed or deposited on mineral surfaces or was protected within organo-mineral microaggregates. The light fraction had a consistently wider C:N ratio than the heavy, and net N mineralization during anaerobic incubation was greater from the heavy than from the light fraction in five of six soils for which both fractions were incubated. Net N mineralization was greater from the heavy fraction than from the whole soil of most sites perhaps because the light fraction immobilized N released from the heavy fraction when they were incubated together. Correlation between net N mineralization (as a proportion of total N) and C:N ratio was negative for the light fraction (r2=0.74) but positive for the heavy fraction (r2 = 0.85), suggesting that the C:N ratio does not control the extent to which heavy-fraction N is mineralizable.
TL;DR: The chemical composition of MANOP nodules from the three nodule-bearing MANOP sites in the Pacific can be accounted for in a qualitative way by variable contributions of distinct accretionary processes as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that elevated levels of corticosterone associated with exposure to stressful stimuli inhibit sexual behaviors in rough-skinned newts is supported.
TL;DR: In this paper, two techniques are used to correlate a set of benthic oxygen isotope records from seven piston cores taken in the North and South Atlantic, the Indian, and the equatorial and North Pacific oceans.
TL;DR: It was observed that the hemoprotein bands stained more intensely than duplicate sample bands that had been stained only with the Coomassie blue R-250, which allows the indication of hemoproteins in gels even after the peroxidase yield has been significantly depleted by reducing agents.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimate average primary productivity in the Weddell Sea in the springtime to be 220-420 mg C m−2 day−1, which is 1.5-4 times higher than the open ocean areas of the Southern Ocean.
Abstract: The Southern Ocean, and in particular the Weddell Sea, have long been considered areas of high biological productivity1, but recent isotopic measurements of primary productivity have not confirmed this view2,3. Because the large Zooplankton and marine mammal populations of the Southern Ocean depend ultimately on phytoplankton as the base of the food web, accurate knowledge of primary productivity is essential to our understanding of the Antarctic ecosystem. Oceanographie data collected aboard the Soviet icebreaker Mikhail Somov have allowed us to derive a new productivity estimate, based on the seasonal depletion of nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid in the surface layer. From these depletions and data on the elemental composition of Southern Ocean phytoplankton, we estimate average primary productivity in the Weddell Sea in the springtime to be 220–420 mg C m−2 day−1. Our most conservative estimate is 1.5–4 times higher than recently reported measurements of productivity in the open ocean areas of the Southern Ocean2–5. Our estimates are inherently averages over time and space, including the effects of brief, intense spring blooms of phytoplankton which may occur near the receding ice edge6–8. Studies of primary productivity based on isotope uptake experiments, particularly in the austral summer, may fail to account for the significance of such blooms.
TL;DR: Using a modified silver stain of Merril et al. for staining polypeptides in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, protein bands reproducibly stain different shades of blue, yellow, red, and gray, providing another dimension to the characterization of proteins by gel electrophoresis.
TL;DR: A detailed vertical profile of particulate vanadium and estimate its particle-associated flux was reported in this paper, which suggests a surface depletion of dissolved vanadium which is verified by the first detailed determinations of vanadium in several profiles from the Pacific Ocean.
Abstract: The distributions of dissolved trace elements in the oceans result from a complex series of biogeochemical processes. Historically, most models describing the cycles of these elements have been formed around high quality data for the distributions of the dissolved elements1. I report here a detailed vertical profile of particulate vanadium and estimate its particle-associated flux. This flux suggests a surface depletion of dissolved vanadium which is verified by the first detailed determinations of dissolved vanadium in several profiles from the Pacific Ocean.
TL;DR: The most probable local or mesoscale distribution of a climatic variable when only the large-scale value is given may be viewed as a sort of climate inversion problem as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The estimation of the most probable local or mesoscale distribution of a climatic variable when only the large-scale value is given may be viewed as a sort of climate inversion problem. As an initial statistical study of this question, the monthly-averaged surface temperature and monthly total precipitation for stations in Oregon are analyzed for the purpose of relating their most probable mesoscale distributions to the large-scale monthly anomalies. The first empirical orthogonal mode of the covariance matrix of mesoscale transient departures explains 78.2 and 80.8% of the total variance of temperature and precipitation, respectively. The time structure of the first mode is predominantly seasonal and is in phase with the large-scale anomalies, and the correlation coefficient between this oscillation and the large-scale anomaly is 0.96 for temperature and 0.95 for precipitation. The most probable mesoscale distribution as specified by only the first empirical orthogonal function is predictable wi...
TL;DR: In this article, the seasonal variation of the alongshore geostropic velocity (AGV) over the outer continental slope off Point Sur and Point Conception, California, is investigated statistically on the basis of hydrographic data collected in the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations from 1949 through 1981.
Abstract: The seasonal variation of the alongshore geostropic velocity (AGV) (relative to 500 dbar) over the outer continental slope off Point Sur and Point Conception, California, is investigated statistically on the basis of hydrographic data collected in the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations from 1949 through 1981. Previous observations and theoretical models of the AGV features are reviewed, the data are characterized, and the results are presented graphically and compared with the model predictions. Both locations have coherent mainly annual flow above 100-m depth, north during October-January and south during February-September; below 100 m, the flow is semiannually variable and always northward (with December and June maxima) at Point Conception but annual (with northward maximum in December and weak southward flow from March to May) at Point Sur.
TL;DR: The physical environment and patterns of distribution and abundance of macroalgae, sessile and mobile animals are described for the littoral zone of Taboguilla Island, Bay of Panama and seasonal changes in community structure are small or lacking.
TL;DR: The official forecasts issued to the general public and specific users by the National Weather Service in the United States usually are considered to be subjective forecasts.
Abstract: Weather forecasts today are prepared by both objective and subjective methods. Objective methods generally involve the use of numerical (i.e., physical/dynamical) and/or statistical models. These methods are objective in the sense that, for a particular procedure and set of relevant data, the forecasts produced do not depend on a meteorologist’s judgment, although subjectivity is involved in the choice of a procedure and a set of data. Subjective methods, on the other hand, are methods in which the formulation of the forecasts is based at least in part on the judgments of one or more meteorologists. According to these definitions, the official forecasts issued to the general public and specific users by the National Weather Service (NWS) in the United States usually are considered to be subjective forecasts.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used field observations of swash on natural beaches to relate the magnitudes of surf oscillations to incident wave conditions and the beach slope, and found that swash fluctuations at wind wave frequencies (defined as f >.05 Hz) appear to be saturated.
TL;DR: Comparison of LM4a and LM4b by amino acid composition, peptide mapping, kinetic properties, sensitivity to alpha-naphthoflavone, and regioselectivity towards benzo[a]pyrene-dihydrodiol formation indicates that these forms are highly similar in structure and function.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the surface heat budget of Esbensen and Kushnir, who used Budyko's method, to calculate the meridional heat transport in the Pacific Ocean.
Abstract: The heat transported meridionally in the Pacific Ocean is calculated from the surface heat budgets of Clark and Weare and others; both budgets were based on Bunker's method with different radiation formulas. The meridional heat transport is also calculated from the surface heat budget of Esbensen and Kushnir, who used Budyko's method. The heat transport is southward at most latitudes if the numbers of Clark and of Weare are used. It is northward in the North Pacific and southward in the South Pacific if Eshensen and Kushnir's numbers are used. Systematic errors in both calculations appear to be so large that confident determination of even the sign of the heat transport in the North Pacific is not possible. The amount of heat transported poleward by all oceans is obtained from the Pacific Ocean calculation and transports in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans based on Bunker's surface heat fluxes.
TL;DR: Carrying capacity can be defined as the level of use beyond which impacts exceed acceptable levels specified by evaluative standards, and conditions necessary for capacity determination are specified.
Abstract: Establishing a carrying capacity involves both descriptive and evaluative components. The descriptive component includes management parameters, the factors that managers can manipulate, and impact parameters, which describe the consequences of different management regimes. Different types of capacities (ecological, social, physical, or facility) focus on different types of impact. The evaluative component involves value judgments regarding the type of experience to be offered and specific standards defining the important dimensions of that experience. Capacity determination requires integration of both components; carrying capacity can be defined as the level of use beyond which impacts exceed acceptable levels specified by evaluative standards. Conditions necessary for capacity determination are specified, and extensions made by Graefe et al. beyond this model are discussed.
TL;DR: Data demonstrate that gross induction of the MFO system was not necessarily required for alterations in DNA adduct formation in vivo or protection against AFB1 carcinogenesis, while the other compounds were less effective.
Abstract: Several compounds such as flavonoids, selenium, antioxidants and retinoids reportedly reduce the induction of cancer in experimental animals, and some have been suggested to function by affecting the mixed-function oxidase (MFO) system. The following compounds: 50 and 500 p.p.m. beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), 1000 p.p.m. flavone, 1000 p.p.m. of a tangeretin - nobilitin mixture, 1000 p.p.m. beta- ionone , 1000 p.p.m. indole-3-carbinol ( I3C ) and 2000 p.p.m. quercetin were examined for protection against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) hepatocarcinogenesis, induction of the MFO system and metabolism of AFB1 in rainbow trout. These compounds were fed to fingerling rainbow trout for 8 weeks. At that time the activity of several MFO enzymes and cytochrome P450 content were measured and the trout were exposed for 2 weeks to 20 p.p.b. AFB1 in the same diets. After feeding the test diets without AFB1 for another 6 weeks and basal diet for another 52 weeks, the tumor incidence was determined. The effect of BNF and I3C on in vivo binding of AFB1 to DNA was also measured in separate groups of trout. BNF induced the trout MFO system in a dose-dependent manner, tangeretin - nobilitin was less effective and I3C did not induce. BNF showed significant alterations in the metabolism of AFB1 to aflatoxicol and aflatoxin M1 using cell fractions from pretreated fish. None of the other compounds, including I3C showed such an effect. Despite the apparent lack of in vitro effect of I3C , both BNF and I3C reduced AFB1 - DNA binding in vivo. I3C and BNF provided marked protection against AFB1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, while the other compounds were less effective. The 58 weeks tumor incidences were 4% for 1000 p.p.m. I3C , 6% for 500 p.p.m. BNF and 18% for 50 p.p.m. BNF, compared to 38% for the AFB1-positive control. These data demonstrate that gross induction of the MFO system was not necessarily required for alterations in DNA adduct formation in vivo or protection against AFB1 carcinogenesis. Both BNF and I3C provided marked protection but only BNF induced the MFO system.
TL;DR: This paper showed that disturbance parameters vary along the topographic, elevation and moisture gradients in the Great Smoky Mountains in much the same way as temperature, moisture and solar radiation change, and species composition at different locations along the major environmental gradients is partially determined by the disturbance parameters.
Abstract: In constructing models of species and community distributions along environmental gradients in the Great Smoky Mountains, R. H. Whittaker (1956) focused on old-aged, apparently stable, natural communities. More recent studies indicate that disturbance gradients potentially influence and are influenced by the complex environmental gradients of Whittaker’s original models. Using primarily fire and exotic species invasion as examples, this paper shows: 1) disturbance parameters vary along the topographic, elevation and moisture gradients in the Great Smoky Mountains in much the same way as temperature, moisture and solar radiation change; 2) species composition at different locations along the major environmental gradients is partially determined by the disturbance parameters; 3) species characteristics such as mode of reproduction are often correlated with specific disturbance parameters; 4) functional aspects of ecosystem response to disturbance vary along environmental gradients; and 5) man-caused disturbance may vary along environmental or biotic gradients. Since disturbance gradients may parallel physical environmental gradients, the two may be difficult to distinguish. Modification of disturbance frequencies along major environmental gradients may result in slow shifts in the distribution of both individual species and whole communities.
TL;DR: A baroclinic six-layer world ocean model has been developed and tested in response to climatological surface wind stress and heat flux as a preliminary step to its coupling with a global atmospheric GCM as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, a modification of Q-mode factor analysis is proposed to determine the actual composition of end-member sources in geologic mixtures, because transformations of the original data variables during the analysis result in negative factor scores for some variables and negative concentration of some variables in the end-members.