Showing papers by "Rutgers University published in 1979"
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the conductance of disordered electronic systems depends on their length scale in a universal manner, and asymptotic forms for the scaling function were obtained for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems.
Abstract: Arguments are presented that the $T=0$ conductance $G$ of a disordered electronic system depends on its length scale $L$ in a universal manner. Asymptotic forms are obtained for the scaling function $\ensuremath{\beta}(G)=\frac{d\mathrm{ln}G}{d\mathrm{ln}L}$, valid for both $G\ensuremath{\ll}{G}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}\frac{{e}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}}$ and $G\ensuremath{\gg}{G}_{c}$. In three dimensions, ${G}_{c}$ is an unstable fixed point. In two dimensions, there is no true metallic behavior; the conductance crosses over smoothly from logarithmic or slower to exponential decrease with $L$.
4,466 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new percolation problem is posed which can exhibit a first-order transition, where sites on an empty lattice are first randomly occupied, and then all occupied sites with less than a given number m of occupied neighbours are successively removed until a stable configuration is reached.
Abstract: A new percolation problem is posed which can exhibit a first-order transition. In bootstrap percolation, sites on an empty lattice are first randomly occupied, and then all occupied sites with less than a given number m of occupied neighbours are successively removed until a stable configuration is reached. On any lattice for sufficiently large m, the ensuing clusters can only be infinite. On a Bethe lattice for m>or=3, the fraction of the lattice occupied by infinite clusters discontinuously jumps from zero at the percolation threshold. From an analysis of stable and metastable ground states of the dilute Blume-Capel model (1966), it is concluded that effects like bootstrap percolation may occur in some real magnets.
542 citations
TL;DR: The finding of internodes of the last type at the edges of many plaques indicates that remyelination by oligodendrocytes can occur in the adult human CNS and that it is common in some cases of MS, although limited in its extent.
Abstract: Chronic plaques in central nervous system tissue fixed by in situ perfusion for electron microscopy were examined for evidence of remyelination in 2 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Fibers with abnormal central myelin sheaths of several types were found at the margins of most of the plaques studied. The most common of these were: (1) the presence of bare stretches of axon between contiguous internodes, (2) the presence of thin paranodes, (3) internodes which changed markedly in thickness along their length due to premature termination of superficial or deep myelin lamellae that ended as hypertrophic lateral loops, and (4) abnormally thin internodes which were of uniform thickness along their length, which were shorter than normal, and which terminated in the form of normal nodal complexes. The finding of internodes of the last type at the edges of many plaques indicates that remyelination by oligodendrocytes can occur in the adult human CNS and that it is common in some cases of MS, although limited in its extent.
447 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the relationship between interpersonal and social behaviors and patterns of success and failure in cross-cultural adaptation and found that seven interpersonal communication skills often mentioned as being important to cross-culture adaptation were studied: empathy, respect, role behavior flexibility, orientation to knowledge, interaction posture, interaction management and tolerance for ambiguity.
426 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a generic definition of "stereotype" is proposed: the structured sets of beliefs about the personal attributes of women and men, which are linked to the social categories female and male.
Abstract: Progress in understanding sex stereotypes has been impeded by the failure of researchers to address two critical conceptual questions: What is a sex stereotype? How do sex stereotypes function in social cognition and behavior? As a step toward answering the first question, the meaning of the term “sex stereotype” was considered. On the basis of points of agreement among extant conceptual definitions of the construct “stereotype” (in both the female-male and ethnic relations literatures), a generic definition of “sex stereotypes” is proposed: the structured sets of beliefs about the personal attributes of women and of men. In order to relate sex stereotypes more closely to research and theory on “normal” psychological processes, this basic definition is recast in terms of the person perception construct, “implicit personality theory”: the structured sets of inferential relations that link personal attributes to the social categories female and male. Two studies are presented to illustrate the utility of this translation. The remainder of the article addresses the second question. Here we offer preliminary ideas regarding a more general cognitive—social psychological framework for the study of sex stereotypes. Stereotype and stereotyping are distinguished, and each is discussed in light of relevant research in cognitive and social psychology.
354 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduced the idea of an incoherence length at which inelastic collision broadening equals electronic energy-level separation and showed that the two-dimensional conductance cross over at this length from a $\mathrm{ln}L$ dependence suggested by Abrahams et al. to Ohmic behavior.
Abstract: We introduce the idea of an incoherence length ${L}_{2}$ at which inelastic collision broadening equals electronic energy-level separation. The two-dimensional conductance crosses over at ${L}_{2}$ from a $\mathrm{ln}L$ dependence suggested recently by Abrahams et al. to Ohmic behavior. These ideas and plausible relaxation and heating models are used to explain the nonlinear conductivity observations of Dolan and Osheroff.
346 citations
TL;DR: The "ultrasonic biometric ruler" is shown to provide an accurate, simple, noninvasive method for measuring full-thickness human skin and it is demonstrated that the underlying subcutaneous fat and muscle can be noninvasively "explored" with the possibility of identifying a variety of skin and underlying tissue lesions.
329 citations
TL;DR: This paper delineates the programs representable by an acyclic call graph and presents an algorithm for constructing it using the property that its nodes may be linearly ordered and proves the correctness of the algorithm.
Abstract: The proliferation of large software systems written in high level programming languages insures the utility of analysis programs which examine interprocedural communications. Often these analysis programs need to reduce the dynamic relations between procedures to a static data representation. This paper presents one such representation, a directed, acyclic graph named the call graph of a program. We delineate the programs representable by an acyclic call graph and present an algorithm for constructing it using the property that its nodes may be linearly ordered. We prove the correctness of the algorithm and discuss the results obtained from an implementation of the algorithm in the PFORT Verifier [1].
304 citations
TL;DR: In all-female organisms such as Poeciliopsis, which are dependent upon sexual species for insemination, competitive abilities probably are at a premium in the densely populated pools and arroyos of the Sonoran Desert.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Recent genetic studies of asexually reproducing fishes in the genus Poeciliopsis (Poeciliidae) revealed abundant variation in the form of multiple sympatric clones Recurrent hybridizations between sexual species provides the principal source of clonal variation The hybrids are spontaneously endowed with a clonal reproductive mechanism that perpetuates a high level of heterozygosity Migration within and between river systems, and mutations, also contribute to clonal diversity in" these fish Coexistence among different clones and with the sexual ancestors depends in part upon specializations characteristic of individual clones Clonal reproduction is an efficient mechanism for freezing a portion of the niche-width variation contained in the gene pool of the more broadly adapted, sexual ancestors Multiclonal populations achieve significantly higher densities relative to the sexual forms than do monoclonal populations This relationship is a function of the clonal variability upon which natural selection can act and upon the capacity of a multiclonal population to better exploit a heterogeneous environment through niche diversification In all-female organisms such as Poeciliopsis, which are dependent upon sexual species for insemination, competitive abilities probably are at a premium in the densely populated pools and arroyos of the Sonoran Desert Competitive abilities are probably less important for truly parthenogenetic clones which rely on colonization abilities to escape from their sexual ancestors and from other clones
289 citations
258 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an exact formula for the contact value of a system of charged hard spheres near a charged hard wall is obtained by means of a general statistical mechanical argument, and the formula becomes exact for large fields, independent of the density of hard spheres.
TL;DR: The theory of subanalytic sets is used in this article to prove that analytic control systems are controllable, and that for every point p in the state space there exists a piecewise analytic feedback control that steers every state into p.
TL;DR: In some old multiple sclerosis plaques, perivascular lymphoid tissue was found which was organized in a manner similar to the antibody-producing medullary region of lymph nodes, which may indicate continuous processing of the putative multiple sclerosis antigen in such lesions.
Abstract: Thin-walled channels resembling lymphatic capillaries and containing lymphocytes were observed in perivascular spaces throughout the central nervous system of patients with various neurological disorders. This suggests that immunological surveillance in the central nervous system may normally involve lymphocyte circulation through the perivascular compartment. In some old multiple sclerosis plaques, perivascular lymphoid tissue was found which was organized in a manner similar to the antibody-producing medullary region of lymph nodes. This may indicate continuous processing of the putative multiple sclerosis antigen in such lesions.
Proceedings Article•
20 Aug 1979TL;DR: The EXPERT system, a system for designing and building models for consultation, is currently being used to develop consultation models in domains such as rheumatology, ophthalmology, and endocrinology.
Abstract: EXPERT Is a system for designing and building models for consultation. An EXPERT model consists of hypotheses (which can be structured Into causal and taxonomic networks); findings or observations; and decision rules for logically relating these components. A relatively simple language for describing models is employed. Logical and probabilistic rules are restricted to particular types which implicitly order the tasks performed by the control strategies: classification, question selection, and explanation. Explicit representations of decision rules are emphasized, as opposed to suboptimal scoring functions. This results in more easily predictable and correctable performance for a model. The system is currently being used to develop consultation models in domains such as rheumatology, ophthalmology, and endocrinology.
TL;DR: The experiments are consistent with the notion that brain progestin receptors mediate at least some of the behavioral effects of progesterone.
TL;DR: In apple polygalacturonase alone was sufficient to dissolve the middle lamella region of the cell walls, as was also found to occur in naturally ripening fruit, and in pear the cell wall areas containing plasmodesmata maintained their structural integrity throughout the ripening process.
Abstract: Ultrastructural changes in the cell walls of “Calville de San Sauveur” apples (Malus sylvestris Mill) and “Spadona” pear (Pyrus communis L.) fruit were followed during ripening. In apple, structural alterations in cell walls became apparent at advanced stages of softening and showed predominantly dissolution of the middle lamella. In pears softening was also associated with the dissolution of the middle lamella, and in addition a gradual disintegration of fibrillar material throughout the cell wall. In fully ripe fruit almost all of the fibrillar arrangement in the cell wall was lost. Application of enzyme solutions containing polygalacturonase and cellulase to tissue discs from firm pear fruit led to ultrastructural changes observed in naturally ripening pears. In apple polygalacturonase alone was sufficient to dissolve the middle lamella region of the cell walls, as was also found to occur in naturally ripening fruit. In both apple and pear the cell wall areas containing plasmodesmata maintained their structural integrity throughout the ripening process. At advanced stages of ripening vesicles appeared in the vicinity of plasmodesmata.
TL;DR: The argument is that male domination develops around the need to control reproduction in its different aspects; the concept of reproduction used here indicates a dynamic process of change linked with the perpetuation of social systems.
Abstract: PIP: This basically economic treatise elaborates the thesis that the focal point of women's economic activities is provided by their special role in the reproduction of the labor force. Given that change in sex roles is necessary in order not to perpetuate a division of labor which places women in subordinate positions, this paper attempts to analyze the nature and functions of traditional sex roles and to study the structures that have supported them through generations in an effort to conceptualize the relevant issues and to set up a general framework from which change in social structure relating to women and their economic dependency can proceed. In addition, specific studies of concrete situations observed within and across countries and cultural barriers are used for illustration. The argument, simply stated, which the paper seeks to prove, is that male domination develops around the need to control reproduction in its different aspects; the concept of reproduction used here indicates a dynamic process of change linked with the perpetuation of social systems. It includes social as well as physical reproduction, and its meaning therefore goes beyond that of reproduction of human beings. This concept of reproduction is isolated in discussions of production and the sexual division of labor, including agrarian structures and modes of production; the commercialization and proletarization of agriculture; and the availability of labor resources and development of wage labor markets. The implications of this concept of reproduction in population policy, specifically population control, are not explicitly discussed but are tremendously important.
TL;DR: Subjects who expected alcohol showed significant elevations in physiological arousal and were rated as more anxious on observational measures of social behavior and self-report measures failed to yield any differences among groups.
Abstract: Thirty-two female social drinkers were randomly assigned to four conditions in a 2 X 2 factorial design that controls for drink content and expectations. Subjects were administered either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage and were led to believe that their drinks contained or did not contain alcohol. After finishing their drinks, subjects participated in a study of social anxiety in which they were requested to interact with a male confederate of the experimenter. Multiple measures, including heart rate, skin conductance, and overt behavioral and self-report responses, were recorded. Subjects who expected alcohol showed significant elevations in physiological arousal and were rated as more anxious on observational measures of social behavior. Self-report measures failed to yield any differences among groups. Implications for the tension reduction theory of alcohol use and the importance of multiple response measures are discussed.
TL;DR: A simple rapid method for the preparation of purified brush border membranes from rabbit kidney proximal tubules is described, which is based on hypotonic lysis, Ca2+ aggregation of contaminants and differential centrifugation.
TL;DR: The perception of certain figures with illusory contours entails a reversal of figure and ground and it is hypothesized that this process occurs in two stages, namely, alignment of physically present contours, recognition of parts of the stimulus array, and set.
Abstract: The perception of certain figures with illusory contours entails a reversal of figure and ground. It is hypothesized that this process occurs in two stages. First, some factor must suggest or cue the reversal. Experiments are described that isolate three such factors, namely, alignment of physically present contours, recognized incompletion of parts of the stimulus array, and set. Once cued, however, other experiments indicate that in a further stage of processing the solution is examined with respect to its compatibility with the stimulus display or with other perceptual properties to which the display gives rise. Only if such compatibility is present will the perception of a figure with illusory contours be maintained.
TL;DR: In this paper, the time evolution of the structure function and the cluster distribution following quenching in a model binary alloy with a small concentration of minority atoms is obtained from computer simulations.
Abstract: The time evolution of the structure function and of the cluster (or grain) distribution following quenching in a model binary alloy with a small concentration of minority atoms is obtained from computer simulations. The structure function $\overline{S}(k,t)$ obeys a simple scaling relation, $\overline{S}(k,t)={K}^{\ensuremath{-}3}F(\frac{k}{K})$ with $K(t)\ensuremath{\propto}{t}^{\ensuremath{-}a}$, $a\ensuremath{\cong}0.25$, during the latter and larger part of the evolution. During the same period, the mean cluster size grows approximately linearly with time.
TL;DR: The subacute lower motor neuron syndrome should be distinguished from the more common direct effects of lymphoma on the nervous system, since its identification spares the patient additional, potentially harmful therapy.
Abstract: Ten patients developed a subacute lower motor neuron syndrome as a remote effect of Hodgkin's disease or other lymphoma. The illness usually followed a benign course independent of the activity of the underlying neoplasm. Seven of the patients improved spontaneously, and 3 became neurologically normal. Two patients died of intercurrent infections related to immunosuppression. Neuropathological examination of these 2 patients and 3 previously reported cases showed prominent neuronal degeneration restricted to the anterior horns of the spinal cord and mild posterior column demyelination. Demyelination was also present in the anterior roots of our autopsied patients and was accompanied by large, hyperchromatic Schwann cells. The cause of the illness is obscure, but both radiation therapy and opportunistic infection may be contributing factors. Attempts at virus isolation have been unsuccessful. The syndrome should be distinguished from the more common direct effects of lymphoma on the nervous system, since its identification spares the patient additional, potentially harmful therapy.
TL;DR: In this paper, two statistics are proposed for the simple goodness-of-fit problem, which are derived from a general principle for combining dependent test statistics that has been discussed elsewhere by the authors.
Abstract: Two statistics are proposed for the simple goodness-of-fit problem. These are derived from a general principle for combining dependent test statistics that has been discussed elsewhere by the authors. It is shown that these statistics are relatively optimal in the sense of Bahadur efficiency and consequently, are more efficient than any weighted Kolmogorov statistic at every alternative. A curious pathology occurs: Under certain alternatives, the sequence of statistics has a Bahadur efficacy or exact slope only in the weak sense of convergence in law.
TL;DR: Newtson as discussed by the authors proposed a framework for behavioral observation in which the processing of a stream of behavior is influenced by an individual's prior knowledge about behavior, organized into cognitive schemas.
TL;DR: The relationship between administration of progesterone and the display of patterns of receptive ( response to the male) and preceptive (female initiated) sexual behavior was examined in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed female rats in a “restrained male” test situation.
TL;DR: Conjugate reinforcement has been used successfully with both normal and impaired organisms of all ages, and with infants it has been particularly successful, sustaining high and stable response rates for relatively long time periods.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Conjugate reinforcement has been used successfully with both normal and impaired organisms of all ages. It programs a variety of reinforcing consequences, both social and nonsocial, in a manner that simulates the natural patterns of interaction between organisms and their environments. With infants it has been particularly successful, sustaining high and stable response rates for relatively long time periods. This has made possible the use of individual baselines in addition to the use of standard control groups. It has also permitted more reliable observations of the short- and long-term influences of the independent variables than have been possible with either episodic schedules or techniques, which do not rely on motivated behavior. Further, the rapidity with which even the youngest infants acquire conjugately reinforced responses has eliminated the necessity for lengthy shaping or training periods. A major requirement of the free-operant method is that the response be a recurrent behavior, which can be produced over long periods without fatigue. The main limitation that the conjugate paradigm imposes upon the selection of responses and reinforcers is that they be sufficiently variable to permit the infant to discover the proportionality relationship between them.
TL;DR: It is shown that the H(p) spaces on the bi-disc can be characterized in terms of either the nontangential maximal function and the area integral or their probabilistic analogues resulting by introducing two-time Brownian motion and the corresponding square function.
Abstract: We show that the Hp spaces on the bi-disc can be characterized in terms of either the nontangential maximal function and the area integral or their probabilistic analogues resulting by introducing two-time Brownian motion (i.e., the martingale maximal function) and the corresponding square function.
TL;DR: It is concluded that ultrasonic vocalizations play a major role in the integration of reproductive activity in the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus.
Abstract: Ultrasonic vocalizations are very conspicuous during rat mating activity. Two types of calls are produced by both sexes. The first, brief complex calls with the main frequency centered about 50 kHz, occur primarily in conjunction with solicitation and mounting activity. The second type of call is the long, 22 kHz whistle which is emitted mainly by the male during the postejaculatory refractory period, but also by both male and female at other times during the copulatory sequence. The occurrence of ultrasonic vocalizations is correlated with sexual motivation of rats. Males emit more 50 kHz calls before successful mating tests than before tests in which they fail to ejaculate. Furthermore, more vocalizations are emitted by the pair prior to intromissions than prior to mounts without intromission. Just before ejaculation there is a large increase in the rate of calling and, at times, transition by the male to calling at 22 kHz. This latter event may represent physiological dearousal by the male. Following ejaculation, the male characteristically emits 22 kHz vocalizations and exhibits a sleep-like EEG pattern. The function of the postejaculatory vocalization may be to enforce separation between the mating pair, while at the same lime maintaining contact between the partners. Fifty kHz calls, on the other hand, prime and facilitate sexual responsiveness of the female. Tape recorded vocalizations of mating rats facilitate solicitation behavior of estrous females in the presence of castrated males, and such females also show a preference for these sounds in a “Y” maze. Deafening of females does not affect their normal pacing of copulatory contacts, but it drastically reduces their solicitation behavior. The studies summarized in this paper lead us to conclude that ultrasonic vocalizations play a major role in the integration of reproductive activity in the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus .
01 Nov 1979
TL;DR: Gas chromatography (G C) proved to be the method by which to show that the earthy odor was caused by a single chemical substance which was named geosmin, and to demonstrate the presence ofGeosmin in many actinomycete fermentation broths and isolate enough for structure determination.
Abstract: (1979). Volatile Substances from Actinomycetes: Their Role in the Odor Pollution of Water. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 191-214.
TL;DR: The chapter demonstrates that the maternal behavior cycle is a developmental product of hormonal events during pregnancy, especially at its termination, and of behavioral stimulation received during interactions between the mother and her young.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the progress that has been made in the study of maternal behavior in the rat with special focus on the research that has been carried out at the Institute of Animal Behavior It describes how maternal behavior arises from the hormonal conditions that exist during pregnancy, particularly around parturition when maternal behavior normally begins The chapter demonstrates that the maternal behavior cycle is a developmental product of hormonal events during pregnancy, especially at its termination, and of behavioral stimulation received during interactions between the mother and her young Investigation of females whose pregnancies were terminated prematurely by hysterectomy and/or ovariectomy has shown that the rise in estrogen, primarily, is responsible for the onset of maternal behavior under these conditions To be effective this rise must occur free of the inhibiting influence of high levels of progesterone and that the decline in progesterone in addition to its permissive action with respect to estrogen may itself facilitate a short-term increase in maternal responsiveness The chapter further deals with postpartum stimulus factors, which regulate maternal behavior and are involved in its maintenance and eventual decline