Showing papers by "Rutgers University published in 1981"

Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements.

Abstract: This committee was appointed by the SPR Board to provide recommendations for publishing data on electrodermal activity (EDA). They are intended to be a stand-alone source for newcomers and experienced users. A short outline of principles for electrodermal measurement is given, and recommendations from an earlier report (Fowles et al., ) are incorporated. Three fundamental techniques of EDA recording are described: (1) endosomatic recording without the application of an external current, (2) exosomatic recording with direct current (the most widely applied methodology), and (3) exosomatic recording with alternating current-to date infrequently used but a promising future methodology. In addition to EDA recording in laboratories, ambulatory recording has become an emerging technique. Specific problems that come with this recording of EDA in the field are discussed, as are those emerging from recording EDA within a magnetic field (e.g., fMRI). Recommendations for the details that should be mentioned in publications of EDA methods and results are provided.

Social Class and School Knowledge

Abstract: When Max Weber and Karl Marx suggested that there were identifiable and socially meaningful differences in the educational knowledge made available to literati and peasant, aristocrat and laborer, they were of course discussing earlier societies. Recent scholarship in political economy and sociology of knowledge has also argued, however, that in advanced industrial societies such as Canada and the USA, where the class structure is relatively fluid, students of different social class backgrounds are still likely to be exposed to qualitatively different types of educational knowledge. Students from higher social class backgrounds may be exposed to legal, medical, or managerial knowledge, for example, while those of the working classes may be offered a more “practical” curriculum (e.g., clerical knowledge, vocational training) (Bowles & Gintis, 1976; Karabel, 1972; Rosenbaum, 1976). It is said that such social class differences in secondary and postsecondary education are a conserving force in modern societies, an important aspect of the reproduction of unequal class structures (Apple, 1979; Karabel & Halsey, 1977; Young & Whitty, 1977).

Nonlinear regulation: The piecewise linear approach

Abstract: This paper approaches nonlinear control problems through the use of (discrete-time) piecewise linear systems. These are systems whose next-state and output maps are both described by PL maps, i.e., by maps which are affine on each of the components of a finite polyhedral partition. Various results on state and output feedback, observers, and inverses, standard for linear systems, are proved for PL systems. Many of these results are then used in the study of more general (both discrete- and continuous-time) systems, using suitable approximations.

Ganglioside stimulation of axonal sprouting in vitro

Abstract: Bovine brain gangliosides were applied to primary and established neuronal cultures to examine the role of gangliosides in neuronal development. Media containing gangliosides enhanced the degree of axonal elongation exhibited by sensory ganglia neurons and increased the length and number of Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cell processes. Ganglioside-supplemented media caused a twofold increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity in both culture systems. These experiments suggest that gangliosides function as acceptor molecules for growth-promoting substances in embryonic and tumor-derived neurons.

The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Smoking

Abstract: We examine the impact of three sets of government regulations on the demand for cigarettes by teenagers in the United States. These are: (1) the excise tax on cigarettes, (2) the Fairness Doctrine of the Federal Communications Commission, which resulted in the airing of anti-smoking messages on radio and television from July 1, 1967 to January 1, 1971,and (3) the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1970, which banned pro-smoking cigarette advertising on radio and television after January 1, 1971.Teenage price elasticities of demand for cigarettes are substantial and much larger than the corresponding adult price elasticities. The teenage smoking participation elasticity equals -1.2, and the quantity smoked elasticity equals -1.4. It follows that, if future reductions in youth smoking are desired, an increase in the Federal excise tax is a potent policy to accomplish this goal. The contention of the proponents of the advertising ban that the Fairness Doctrine failed in the case of teenagers is incorrect. According to our results, the doctrine had a substantial negative impact on teenage smoking participation rates. Extrapolations suggest that the advertising ban was no better or worse a policy than the Fairness Doctrine.

Spin-dependent forces in quantum chromodynamics

Abstract: In a manifestly gauge-independent formalism, all relativistic corrections to the fermion propagation function are determined and the general form of the spin-dependent forces in quantum chromodynamics for heavy-quark-antiquark ( q q ¯ ) systems is derived. For example, the classical spin-orbit and Thomas-precession terms are found to be simple derivatives of the static potential. In addition to expressing the spin-dependent forces in terms of the minimal number of independent potentials, two new applications of this formulation are presented: (1) The effect of pseudoparticle solutions on the spin-dependent forces is analyzed, and (2) an electric-confinement assumption produces a zero-parameter spin-dependent potential. This potential determines the fine structure in heavy q q ¯ systems. Spin splittings in the ϒ system are predicted and the J /ψ system splittings are compared with the experimentally observed values.

The effect of inattention on form perception.

Abstract: A state of inattention was achieved by having subjects selectively attend to one of two overlapping novel figures in a series of such overlapping figures. Recognition of form directly afterward was good for figures that had been attended to but was essentially nil for the unattended figures. Recognition failed to occur even if a familiar figure was in the unattended series and even if that figure was presented 1 sec before the test. A further experiment showed that certain general characteristics of the unattended figures other than form were recognized. The results are interpreted as indicating that attention is necessary for form perception, not merely for memory of form. It is suggested that a cognitive process of description constitutes the essence of form perception. Diverting attention eliminates the cognitive operation of describing the spatial relations that characterize a figure. Language: en

Renormalization of loop functions for all loops

Abstract: It is shown that the vacuum expectation values $W({C}_{1},\ensuremath{\cdots},{C}_{n})$ of products of the traces of the path-ordered phase factors $P\mathrm{exp}[ig\ensuremath{\oint}\ensuremath{\int}{{C}_{i}}^{}{\mathit{A}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(x)d{x}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}]$ are multiplicatively renormalizable in all orders of perturbation theory. Here ${\mathit{A}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(x)$ are the vector gauge field matrices in the non-Abelian gauge theory with gauge group $\mathrm{U}(N)$ or $\mathrm{SU}(N)$, and ${C}_{i}$ are loops (closed paths). When the loops are smooth (i.e., differentiable) and simple (i.e., non-self-intersecting), it has been shown that the generally divergent loop functions $W$ become finite functions $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{W}$ when expressed in terms of the renormalized coupling constant and multiplied by the factors ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}KL({C}_{i})}$, where $K$ is linearly divergent and $L({C}_{i})$ is the length of ${C}_{i}$. It is proved here that the loop functions remain multiplicatively renormalizable even if the curves have any finite number of cusps (points of nondifferentiability) or cross points (points of self-intersection). If ${C}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ is a loop which is smooth and simple except for a single cusp of angle $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, then ${W}_{R}({C}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}})=Z(\ensuremath{\gamma})\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{W}({C}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}})$ is finite for a suitable renormalization factor $Z(\ensuremath{\gamma})$ which depends on $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ but on no other characteristic of ${C}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$. This statement is made precise by introducing a regularization, or via a loop-integrand subtraction scheme specified by a normalization condition ${W}_{R}({\overline{C}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}})=1$ for an arbitrary but fixed loop ${\overline{C}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$. Next, if ${C}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ is a loop which is smooth and simple except for a cross point of angles $\ensuremath{\beta}$, then $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{W}({C}_{\ensuremath{\beta}})$ must be renormalized together with the loop functions of associated sets ${{S}^{i}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}={{{C}^{i}}_{1},\ensuremath{\cdots},{{C}^{i}}_{\mathrm{pi}}}$ ($i=2,\ensuremath{\cdots},I$) of loops ${{C}^{i}}_{q}$ which coincide with certain parts of ${C}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}\ensuremath{\equiv}{{C}_{1}}^{1}$. Then ${W}_{R}({{S}^{i}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}})={Z}^{\mathrm{ij}}(\ensuremath{\beta})\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{W}({{S}^{j}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}})$ is finite for a suitable matrix ${Z}^{\mathrm{ij}}(\ensuremath{\beta})$. Finally, for a loop with $r$ cross points of angles ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1},\ensuremath{\cdots},{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{r}$ and $s$ cusps of angles ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1},\ensuremath{\cdots},{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{s}$, the corresponding renormalization matrices factorize locally as ${Z}^{{i}_{1}{j}_{1}}({\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1})\ensuremath{\cdots}{Z}^{{i}_{r}{j}_{r}}({\ensuremath{\beta}}_{r})Z({\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1})\ensuremath{\cdots}Z({\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{s})$.

Multiple sclerosis: Capping of surface immunoglobulin G on macrophages engaged in myelin breakdown

Abstract: Macrophages were examined for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin in actively demyelinating lesions in two patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique. In both cases, macrophages were present that stained for cytoplasmic or surface IgG or both. In one case, in which the tissue was rapidly fixed in chilled fixative, macrophages located among myelinated nerve fibers at plaque margins, but not elsewhere in the plaque, revealed surface IgG in the form of caps restricted to one or both poles of the cell. These caps were absent in sections stained for albumin. Because capping implies the presence of a multivalent ligand close to the cell surface and because cap formation was observed only in macrophages contacting myelin sheaths, we suggest that antimyelin antibody cytophilic for macrophages may be present in the central nervous system in MS, and that immune ligand-mediated phagocytosis may play a role in myelin breakdown in the disease. This study provides the first direct evidence that IgG participates locally in myelin breakdown in MS.

Pathology of the Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Abstract: The Guillain-Barre syndrome is a distinctive neuropathy characterized pathologically by the presence of inflammatory lesions which occur scattered throughout the peripheral nervous system. The lesions consist of circumscribed areas in which myelin is lost in the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages. Myelin damage of effected largely by macrophages, which penetrate the basement membrane around nerve fibers and strip what appears to be normal myelin away from the body of the Schwann cell and off the axon. While there is evidence that this activity is immune mediated, the precise mechanism that leads macrophages to seek out and amputate a specialized region of the Schwann cell plasma membrane remains unexplained.

Easily Implementable Nonlocal Exchange-Correlation Energy Functional

Abstract: An exchange-correlation functional for nonuniform electronic systems is developed which provides an easily implementable correction to the local density approximation. It is applied to metallic surface energies, as well as to self-consistent atomic calculations which include the ground-state energies of a number of atoms, plus the removal energies for $1s$, $2s$, $3s$, $4s$, $2p$, $3p$, and $3d$ electrons. In all cases tried a substantial improvement was found.

Quasiparticle lifetime in disordered two-dimensional metals

Abstract: A calculation of the electron quasiparticle lifetime in a disordered metal due to electron-electron scattering is given. The calculation takes account of the diffusive nature of electron motion which leads to enhancement of the diagonal exchange term of the electron self-energy. The lifetime, as a function of temperature, behaves as ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{d}{2}}$ where $d$ is the dimensionality, in contrast to the ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ behavior of ordinary Fermi-liquid theory. At $d=2$, a logarithmic singularity occurs which leads to ${(T\mathrm{ln}T)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ behavior of the lifetime and a failure of the quasiparticle picture near the Fermi surface. The calculated lifetime agrees in temperature, Fermi energy, and elastic mean-free-path dependence with recent experiments on silicon inversion layers.

Career success and personal failure: Alienation in professionals and managers.

Abstract: Expectancy disconfirmation, contradictory role demands, sense of external control, loss of affiliative satisfactions, and developmental life changes are proposed as significant factors in the perso...

Composting process control based on interaction between microbial heat output and temperature.

Abstract: Rational composting process control involves the interrelated factors of heat output, temperature, ventilation, and water removal. The heat is released microbially at the expense of organic material; temperature is an effect and, because it is a determinant of microbial activity, it is also a cause of heat output; ventilation supplies oxygen and removes heat, mainly through the vaporization of water; water removal results from heat removal. These relationships were implemented in a field-scale process of static-pile configuration, using a mixture of sewage sludge and wood chips. Heat removal was matched to heat output through a temperature feedback control system, thereby maintaining biologically favorable temperatures. The observations indicate that fundamentally there are two kinds of composting systems: those that are and those that are not temperature self-limiting. The self-limiting system reaches inhibitive temperatures (>60°C) which debilitate the microbial community, suppressing decomposition, heat output, and water removal. In contrast, non-self-limiting temperatures (

Premature ventricular complexes in the absence of identifiable heart disease.

Abstract: To define the prevalence, frequency and characteristics of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) in adults free of recognizable heart disease, we performed 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography on 101 subjects (51 men and 50 women, mean age 48.8 years) in whom physical examination, chest x-ray, ECG, echocardiogram, maximal exercise stress test, right- and left-heart catheterization and coronary arteriography were normal. Thirty-nine subjects had at least 1 PVC/24 hours, but only four had more than 100 PVCs/24 hours and fewer than five had more than five PVCs in any given hour. The probability of having at least 1 PVC/24 hours increased with age (chi square = 11.789, p = 0.019). The number of PVCs/24 hours was also positively associated with age (4 = 0.33, p = 0.001). These was no consistent relationship between the presence or number of PVCs/24 hours and sex, blood pressure, weight, height, body mass index, serum potassium or calcium, cholesterol and triglyceride, hemoglobin, the ingestion of coffee, tea or alcohol, and cigarette smoking. Four subjects had multiform PVCs, two of whom had early PVCs.

The multinational bank: A financial MNC?

Abstract: The theory of non-financial multinational corporations is applied to the multinational commercial bank. The incentives toward multinationality that characterize the expansion of non-financial firms have their counterparts in multinational banks. The theory of the MNC provides a useful basis for the development of a theory of the multinational bank when the subsidiary offices operate in foreign financial markets. When banks' foreign subsidiaries operate in supranational markets (such as the Eurocurrency markets), there is little or no equivalence because the multinational banks compete only among themselves: there is no competition with indigenous firms. The supranational markets give rise to a distinct type of subsidiary. These banking offices and the markets in which they operate serve to integrate national capital and money markets with some possible endangerment to the stability of the international financial system.

Nonauditory Effects of Noise on Behavior and Health

Abstract: This article presents an overview of research and theory on the nonauditory effects of noise on human behavior and health. Laboratory and naturalistic research on the effects of noise on human performance, interpersonal behavior, annoyance, cognitive development, and mental and physical health are reviewed. The review includes studies of children as well as adults, and the discussion emphasizes the relevance of this research for predicting the effect of noise in community and industrial settings. Noise effects are viewed as determined by variations in psychological characteristics of a situation as well as the physical parameters of the sound. Predictability and controllability of a noise, its meaning for the respondent and its degree of interference with auditory communication are factors that mediate the effects of noise across a variety of outcome measures.

The origins of adaptive interspecific territorialism

Abstract: Summary 1. In order to understand fully the evolution of a behavioural trait one must not only consider whether it is adaptive in its present environment but also whether it originated as an adaptation to existing selective forces or as a fortuitous consequence of selection for a different role in other environments (i.e., as a pre-adaptation) or of selection for different traits (e.g., as a pleiotropic effect). In this paper interspecific territorialism is examined in species of humming-birds, sun-birds, tropical reef fishes, stingless bees, stomatopods, crayfish, and limpets as a means of determining its adaptiveness and its origins. 2. Humming-birds form complex assemblages with species sorted out among the available resources. Dominant species establish feeding territories where flowers provide sufficient nectar. A few large, dominant species, usually uncommon, are marauders on others' territories. Subordinate species establish territories where flowers are more dispersed or produce less nectar, or they fly a circuit from nectar source to nectar source when flowers are even more dispersed, a foraging pattern called ‘traplining’, or they steal nectar from the territorial species by being inconspicuous while foraging. Two species, Amazilia saucerottei and Selasphorus sasin, subordinate in one-to-one encounters, are able to take over rich resources by establishing several small territories within a territory of a dominant and forcing it to forage elsewhere. 3. Among humming-birds, territorial individuals attacked not only subordinate competitors but marauding humming-birds and some insects, which stayed in the territory and foraged at will, and seemingly inappropriate targets, such as non-competitors. This suggests that the stimulus for aggression is ‘any flying organism near the food resources’, regardless of its appearance. The behaviour rather than the identity of the intruder is the stimulus. 4. Sun-birds resemble humming-birds to the extent that dominants establish territories on rich nectar sources and subordinates establish territories on less rich nectar sources or steal from the territories of dominants. The diversity of foraging patterns is not so great as in humming-birds, perhaps because so few species of sun-birds have been studied. However, the advantage of territorialism has been measured in the sun-bird Nectarinia reichenowi. Individuals with territories lose much less nectar to competitors than do those without territories. 5. Field work on three species of tropical reef fishes involved a single aggressive species whose individuals attacked a wide range of species intruding on their territories. The stimulus for aggression in Pomacentrus jenkinsi seemed to be an “object moving through [its] territory”. As suggested for humming-birds, the stimulus is the behaviour rather than the identity of the intruder. 6. The relationships found in stingless bees, stomatopods, crayfish, and limpets are simpler. The dominant and subordinate species divide the resources in their habitat, the dominants' aggression preventing the subordinates from using resources that were otherwise available to them. 7. A general pattern emerges. Mutual interspecific territorialism occurs between species that (i) have different geographic ranges, (ii) occupy different habitats, or (iii) use different resources within the same habitat. Examples of two species holding separate territories on the same resources within the same habitat are rare and occur when the dominant species is rare relative to the available resources. These observations are contrary to the usual view that interspecific territorialism is an adaptation that permits co-existence of potential competitors within the same habitat. 8. Interspecific territorialism is sometimes adaptive and sometimes maladaptive, depending upon the species and the situation. 9. The general pattern of occurrence of the behaviour and the general nature of the stimulus for aggression, i.e., the behaviour rather than the identity of the intruder, suggest that interspecific territoriality is a fortuitous consequence of selection for intraspecific territorialism, the latter being not only an adaptation to the presence of conspecific competitors but a pre-adaptation to the presence of competitors of other species, should they occur.

Reduction of maximal coronary vasodilator capacity in conscious dogs with severe right ventricular hypertrophy.

Abstract: Right coronary reactive hyperemia and the maximal coronary vasodilator response to adenosine were examined in conscious, normal dogs and dogs with right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy. RV hypertrophy was induced by chronic (5-7 months) pulmonary artery stenosis. With RV hypertrophy, RV weight to body weight ratio rose by 70% (P < 0.001), right coronary artery blood flow (Doppler ultrasonic technique) rose from 17 +/- 1 to 51 +/- 5 ml/min, and RV transmural blood flow (radioactive microsphere technique) increased from 0.78 +/- 0.06 to 1.62 +/- 0.10 ml/min per g, while the RV endocardial:epicardial perfusion ratio decreased from 1.36 +/- 0.04 to 1.0 +/- 0.02. Excess blood flow debt repayment following release of a 15-second right main coronary artery occlusion was attenuated markedly (P < 0.001) to 107 +/- 22% from the normal value of 325 +/- 41%. Maximal coronary vasodilator capacity (to iv adenosine) was reduced in the hypertrophied right ventricle, as reflected by a lower (P < 0.05) level of maximal transmural blood flow and a higher (P < 0.02) level of minimum coronary vascular resistance per gram of hypertrophied right ventricle compared to normal. During maximal coronary vasodilation, the endocardial:epicardial perfusion ratio decreased (P < 0.001) below unity in the hypertrophied right ventricle to a level (0.83 +/- 0.06) significantly lower (P < 0.001) than normal (1.16 +/- 0.03). Thus, the development of severe RV hypertrophy is characterized by an attenuated coronary response to acute ischemia and by a reduction in maximal coronary vasodilator capacity. We conclude that the increase in cardiac mass which results from chronic pulmonary artery stenosis is not accompanied by a proportionate increase in cross-sectional area of coronary vessels supplying the hypertrophied ventricle.