Showing papers by "United States Department of the Army published in 1992"
TL;DR: In this article, self-report data from 297 alumni of an all-male religious college indicate that identification with the alma mater was associated with: (1) the hypothesized organizational antecedents of organizational distinctiveness, organizational prestige, and (absence of) intraorganizational competition, but not with interorganization competition, the hypothesized individual antecedent of satisfaction with the organization, tenure as students, and sentimentality, not with recency of attendance, number of schools attended, or the existence of a mentor, and hypothesized outcomes of making financial contributions, willingness to
Abstract: Summary Organizational identification is defined as a perceived oneness with an organization and the experience of the organization's successes and failures as one's own. While identification is considered important to the organization, it has not been clearly operationalized. The current study tests a proposed model of organizational identification. Self-report data from 297 alumni of an all-male religious college indicate that identification with the alma mater was associated with: (1) the hypothesized organizational antecedents of organizational distinctiveness, organizational prestige, and (absence of) intraorganizational competition, but not with interorganizational competition, (2) the hypothesized individual antecedents of satisfaction with the organization, tenure as students, and sentimentality, but not with recency of attendance, number of schools attended, or the existence of a mentor, and (3) the hypothesized outcomes of making financial contributions, willingness to advise one's offspring and others to attend the college, and participating in various school functions. The findings provide direction for academic administrators seeking to increase alumni support, as well as for corporate managers concerned about the loyalty of workers in an era of mergers and takeovers.
4,726 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of process-induced stress and deformation in thick-section thermosetting composite laminates is presented, and a methodology is proposed for predict ing the evolution of residual stress develop...
Abstract: A study of process-induced stress and deformation in thick-section thermosetting composite laminates is presented. A methodology is proposed for predict ing the evolution of residual stress develop...
550 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study with 263 employed persons, identification with a psychological group or organization (IDPG) is defined as the perception of sharing experiences of a focal group and sharing characteristics of the group's members.
Abstract: Identification with a psychological group or organization (IDPG) is defined as the perception of sharing experiences of a focal group and sharing characteristics of the group's members. IDPG is conceptually distinct from the related concept of organizational commitment. In the present study with 263 employed persons, IDPG was shown to be empirically distinct from organizational commitment. In addition, IDPG was shown to have significantly less overlap than commitment with three related concepts: job satisfaction, organizational satisfaction, and job involvement.
520 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the system effects that occur during the ballistic impact of woven fabric body armor materials are discussed from a conceptual point of view, based on a brief review of prior work on fabric-based armor systems.
Abstract: Following a brief review of prior work on fabric-based armor systems, the system effects that occur during the ballistic impact of woven fabric body armor materials are discussed from a conceptual ...
362 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, four subjective workload scales were compared along four dimensions: sensitivity, operator acceptance, resource requirements, and special procedures, and the scales were the Modified Cooper-Harper scal
Abstract: Four subjective workload scales were compared along four dimensions: sensitivity, operator acceptance, resource requirements, and special procedures The scales were the Modified Cooper-Harper scal
346 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three studies were conducted to assess the effects of disconfirmation consumer expectations on food acceptability and found that disconfirmed expectations for the sensory attributes of an edible film had a negative effect on acceptability of the film.
Abstract: Three studies were conducted to assess the effects of disconfirmed consumer expectations on food acceptability In the first, disconfirmed expectations for the sensory attributes of an edible film had a negative effect on acceptability of the film Greater disconfirmation resulted in lower acceptance and purchase intent In the second study, written product information was used to establish three levels of expected acceptability and expected bitterness for a novel fruit beverage Comparison of preexposure (expected) and postexposure (perceived) ratings of acceptability and bitterness supported an assimilation model of disconfirmation effects for conditions in which expectations of acceptability were high and expectations of bitterness were low A contrast effect was observed for bitterness judgments when expectations of bitterness were high Associative effects resulting from the expectation manipulation were observed on other sensory attributes In the third study, expectations were manipulated to influence both direction (positive versus negative) and degree of disconfirmation for the acceptance of cola beverages Results provided further support for an assimilation model of these effects
315 citations
TL;DR: Two new continuum solvation models have been presented recently and offer considerably improved performance compared to AM1-SM1 for neutral molecules and essentially equivalent performance for ions.
Abstract: Two new continuum solvation models have been presented recently, and in this paper they are explained and reviewed in detail with further examples. Solvation Model 2 (AM1-SM2) is based on the Austin Model 1 and Solvation Model 3 (PM3-SM3) on the Parameterized Model 3 semiempirical Hamiltonian. In addition to the incorporation of phosphorus parameters, both of these new models address specific deficiencies in the original Solvation Model 1 (AM1-SM1), viz., (1) more accurate account is taken of the hydrophobic effect of hydrocarbons, (2) assignment of heavy-atom surface tensions is based on the presence or absence of bonded hydrogen atoms, and (3) the treatment of specific hydration-shell water molecules is more consistent. The new models offer considerably improved performance compared to AM1-SM1 for neutral molecules and essentially equivalent performance for ions. The solute charges within the Parameterized Model 3 Hamiltonian limit the utility of PM3-SM3 for compounds containing nitrogen and possibly phosphorus. For other systems both AM1-SM2 and PM3-SM3 give realistic results, but AM1-SM2 in general outperforms PM3-SM3. Key features of the models are discussed with respect to alternative approaches.
303 citations
TL;DR: Hypohydration reduced the core temperature that could be tolerated and aerobic fitness, per se, did not influence the magnitude of heat strain that could been tolerated, and curves can be developed to estimate exhaustion rates for a given level of physiological strain.
Abstract: This study determined whether 1) exhaustion from heat strain occurs at the same body temperatures during exercise in the heat when subjects are euhydrated as when they are hypohydrated, 2) aerobic fitness influences the body temperature at which exhaustion from heat strain occurs, and 3) curves could be developed to estimate exhaustion rates at a given level of physiological strain. Seventeen heat-acclimated men [maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) from 45 to 65 ml.kg-1.min-1] attempted two heat stress tests (HSTs): one when euhydrated and one when hypohydrated by 8% of total body water. The HSTs consisted of 180 min of rest and treadmill walking (45% VO2max) in a hot-dry (ambient temperature 49 degrees C, relative humidity 20%) environment. The required evaporative cooling (Ereq) exceeded the maximal evaporative cooling capacity of the environment (Emax); thus thermal equilibrium could not be achieved and 27 of 34 HSTs ended by exhaustion from heat strain. Our findings concerning exhaustion from heat strain are 1) hypohydration reduced the core temperature that could be tolerated; 2) aerobic fitness, per se, did not influence the magnitude of heat strain that could be tolerated; 3) curves can be developed to estimate exhaustion rates for a given level of physiological strain; and 4) exhaustion was rarely associated with a core temperature up to 38 degrees C, and it always occurred before a temperature of 40 degrees C was achieved. These findings are applicable to heat-acclimated individuals performing moderate-intensity exercise under conditions where Ereq approximates or exceeds Emax and who have high skin temperatures.
242 citations
215 citations
TL;DR: The RNA of this virus was successfully amplified with hantavirus genus reactive primer sets by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), however, PCR‐RFLP analysis of the amplified product was shown to be unique among those of the known hantAViruses, further indicating that Dobrava virus represents a new hantvirus serotype.
Abstract: Small mammals were collected in natural foci of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Slovenia, Yugoslavia, and a hantavirus was isolated from the lungs of an Apodemus flavicol lis captured in Dobrava village. This new isolate, Dobrava virus, was compared with representative strains of the Hantavirus genus by serological and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. It was found by cross immunofluorescent and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that antigenic properties of Dobrava virus were different from those of other hantaviruses. The RNA of this virus was successfully amplified with hantavirus genus reactive primer sets by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); however, PCR-RFLP analysis of the amplified product was shown to be unique among those of the known hantaviruses, further indicating that Dobrava virus represents a new hantavirus serotype. Published 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
208 citations
TL;DR: The inverse relationship between in vivo CaE protection and relative in vitro reactivity for CaE suggested that CaE detoxication is more important for highly toxic OP compounds than for less toxic compounds.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors described the crosslinking of chitosan fibers and selected Epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a convenient base catalyzed cross-linking agent.
Abstract: A need exists for the development of totally biodegradable packaging materials. Chitosan is an under-utilized polymer which possesses many of the desired characteristics for this application. This article describes the crosslinking of chitosan fibers. Epichlorohydrin (ECH) was selected as a convenient base catalyzed crosslinking agent. The strength of chitosan fibers, especially wet tenacity, is improved by crosslinking. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results support a growing consensus that cerebral palsy in term infants is often the result of prenatal factors, and less commonly related to the perinatal period.
Abstract: PURPOSE We used MR to retrospectively analyze the brains of patients suffering from cerebral palsy, our aim being to determine MR9s role in the assessment of brain damage and the relationship of pre-, peri-, and post-natal events to cerebral palsy. METHODS Forty patients (aged 1 month to 41 years) underwent MR scanning and findings were correlated with clinical histories in all cases. RESULTS Review of MR scans of 11 patients who had been born prematurely revealed findings of periventricular white matter damage, indicative of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (82%), the chronology of which was difficult to determine. Among 29 patients who had been born at term, three major patterns emerged: (1), gyral anomalies, suggestive of polymicrogyria, consistent with mid-second trimester injury; (2), isolated periventricular leukomalacia reflecting late second- or early third-trimester injury; and (3), watershed cortical or deep gray nuclear damage, consistent with late third-trimester, perinatal or postnatal injury. In 16 (55%) of 29 patients born at term, MR findings of intrauterine brain damage were observed; in over half of these cases MR revealed developmental anomalies, which is nearly twice the rate reported in prior studies employing CT. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a growing consensus that cerebral palsy in term infants is often the result of prenatal factors, and less commonly related to the perinatal period.
TL;DR: The proposal is made to refocus more human eating research on real people eating real foods in real eating situations.
TL;DR: The data suggest that additive errors in the multicompartment model do not offset the improved accuracy of fat estimations over those obtained from UWW alone, and more reproducible passive methods that are not dependent on hydration or TBBM may be especially useful after validation against the four-compartment model.
TL;DR: chapter 15 madeleine l care: d u t nursing.jbpub this document is available under a creative commons
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extended a scheme for including aqueous solvation free energies in parameterized NDDO SCF models to the Parameterized Model 3 semiempirical Hamiltonian.
Abstract: Our recently proposed scheme for including aqueous solvation free energies in parameterized NDDO SCF models is extended to the Parameterized Model 3 semiempirical Hamiltonian. The solvation model takes accurate account of the hydrophobic effect for hydrocarbons, as well as electric polarization of the solvent, the free energy of cavitation, and dispersion interactions. Eight heteroatoms are included (along with H and C), and the new model is parameterized accurately for the water molecule itself, which allows meaningful treatments of specifically hydrogen bonded water molecules. The unphysical partial charges on nitrogen atoms predicted by the Parameterized Model 3 Hamiltonian limit the accuracy of the predicted solvation energies for some compounds containing nitrogen, but the model may be very useful for other systems, especially those for which PM3 is preferred over AM1 for the solute properties of the particular system under study. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: Results show that slow-flow venous malformations can be distinguished from high-flow arteriovenousmalformations and fistulas on the basis of spin-echo MR signal characteristics.
Abstract: We performed a retrospective study of symptomatic peripheral vascular malformations to determine if MR imaging can be used to distinguish slow-flow venous malformations from high-flow arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas. Twenty-seven MR examinations in 25 patients with malformations outside the CNS were reviewed. Sixteen venous malformations, nine arteriovenous malformations, and two arteriovenous fistulas were included. In all cases, the MR findings were correlated with the results of angiography. The distinction between slow-flow venous malformations and high-flow arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas was made primarily on T2-weighted MR images, which showed high signal intensity in venous malformations and flow voids in high-flow lesions. In addition to the previously described MR features of venous malformations (serpentine pattern with septations, associated muscle atrophy, and typical T1 and T2 signal intensities), several new MR features were apparent. Venous mal...
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative study of the formation and growth of intermetallic phases at the interface of Cu wetted with a thick solder joint or a thin, pretinned solder layer was performed.
Abstract: This article reports a comparative study of the formation and growth of intermetallic phases at the interface of Cu wetted with a thick solder joint or a thin, pretinned solder layer The η phase (Cu6Sn5) forms when Cu is wet with eutectic solder at temperatures below 400 °C The intermetallic layer is essentially unaffected by aging at 70 °C for as long as 13 weeks On aging a eutectic joint at 170 °C, the η-phase intermetallic layer thickens and e phase (Cu3Sn) nucleates at the Cu/intermetallic interface and grows to a thickness comparable to that of the η phase, while a Pb-rich boundary layer forms in the solder The aging behavior of a thin, pretinned eutectic layer is qualitatively different At 170 °C, the Sn in the eutectic is rapidly consumed to form η-phase intermetallic, which converts to e phase The residual Pb withdraws into isolated islands, and the solderability of the surface deteriorates When the pretinned layer is Pb-rich (95Pb-5Sn), the Sn in the layer is also rapidly converted into η phase, in the form of dendrites penetrating from the intermetallic at the Cu interface and discrete precipitates in the bulk How ever, the development of the intermetallic largely ceases when the Sn is consumed; e phase does not form, and the residual Pb remains as an essentially continuous layer, preserving the solderability of the sample These observations are interpreted in light of the Cu-Sn and Pb-Sn phase diagrams, the temperature of initial wetting, and the relative diffusivities of Cu and Sn in the solder and intermetallic phases
TL;DR: Cultured autologous keratinocytes (CAK) have been heralded as a means to achieve more rapid closure of massive burn wounds but it is failed to identify its positive impact on wound closure in extensively burned patients.
Abstract: Cultured autologous keratinocytes (CAK) have been heralded as a means to achieve more rapid closure of massive burn wounds. Despite the claimed benefits of this technology, we have failed to identify its positive impact on wound closure in extensively burned patients. Sixteen patients with a mean age of 29.7 years (range, 10-56 years) and a mean total body surface area burn of 68.2% (range, 42%-85%) underwent 22 applications of CAK supplied by a private laboratory. The keratinocyte grafts were applied to a mean of 15.9% of the body surface area (range, 4%-59%) at an average cost per patient of $43,705 (range, $9,800 to $161,000). The mean body surface area of definitive wound coverage by these grafts was 4.7% (range, 0%-18.6%). The mean length of hospitalization was 132 days (range, 50-275 days). The observed mortality was 12.5% (two patients). Our experience with this wound care approach has been assessed with respect to the extent of burn, the level of wound excision, and the site of CAK application.
TL;DR: The combination of sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrite has been used in the United States since the 1930s as the primary antidote for cyanide intoxication but could not be used prophylactically because each exhibits a number of side effects.
Abstract: The combination of sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrite has been used in the United States since the 1930s as the primary antidote for cyanide intoxication. Although this combination was shown to exhibit much greater efficacy than either ingredient alone, the two compounds could not be used prophylactically because each exhibits a number of side effects. This review discusses the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of the individual agents, and their combination.
TL;DR: The combination of artesunate followed by mefloquine is highly effective and well tolerated in patients with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Thailand.
TL;DR: A DNA fragment located on the 3' side of the Coxiella burnetii htpAB operon was determined by Southern blotting to exist in approximately 19 copies in the Nine Mile I genome and several features characteristic of bacterial insertion sequences were discovered.
Abstract: A DNA fragment located on the 3' side of the Coxiella burnetii htpAB operon was determined by Southern blotting to exist in approximately 19 copies in the Nine Mile I genome. The DNA sequences of this htpAB-associated repetitive element and two other independent copies were analyzed to determine the size and nature of the element. The three copies of the element were 1,450, 1,452, and 1,458 bp long, with less than 2% divergence among the three sequences. Several features characteristic of bacterial insertion sequences were discovered. These included a single significant open reading frame that would encode a 367-amino-acid polypeptide which was predicted to be highly basic, to have a DNA-binding helix-turn-helix motif, to have a leucine zipper motif, and to have homology to polypeptides found in several other bacterial insertion sequences. Identical 7-bp inverted repeats were found at the ends of all three copies of the element. However, duplications generated by many bacterial mobile elements in the recipient DNA during insertion events did not flank the inverted repeats of any of the three C. burnetii elements examined. A second pair of inverted repeats that flanked the open reading frame was also found in all three copies of the element. Most of the divergence among the three copies of the element occurred in the region between the two inverted repeat sequences in the 3' end of the element. Despite the sequence changes, all three copies of the element have retained significant dyad symmetry in this region.
TL;DR: Patients who developed significant clinical infections during their first 2 postburn weeks had lactulose-mannitol ratios on postburn day 2 that were significantly higher than those of controls and patients who did not develop infections, suggesting a relationship between susceptibility to infection and early alterations in intestinal permeability.
Abstract: • Alterations in intestinal permeability have been postulated to occur after thermal injury. We evaluated the status of intestinal permeability during the first 2 postburn weeks in 15 subjects by measuring the differential excretion of enterally administered lactulose and mannitol. The mean age and burn size of the patients were 32.7±3.6 years and 53.3%±5.1% of the total body surface area, respectively. Ten healthy volunteers were also studied. The lactulose-mannitol excretion ratio was 0.159±0.017 for the patients and 0.017±0.003 for controls. The increased ratio did not correlate with burn size or postburn day. Patients who developed significant clinical infections during their first 2 postburn weeks had lactulose-mannitol ratios on postburn day 2 that were significantly higher than those of controls and patients who did not develop infections. This suggests a relationship between susceptibility to infection and early alterations in intestinal permeability. ( Arch Surg . 1992;127:26-30)
TL;DR: This study demonstrated that women of different racial/ethnic backgrounds can be successfully recruited to participate in a patient‐initiated, community‐based program, however, this programmatic approach requires augmentation with other intervention strategies designed to reach low‐income women because women with more years of education and higher family income were overrepresented in all three groups.
Abstract: Data from a multiethnic sample of women participating in the American Cancer Society 1987 Texas Breast Screening Project was used to compare attitudes and behaviors related to breast cancer screening for whites, blacks, and Hispanics. In general, similar patterns of association were observed across racial/ethnic groups between a number of demographic and risk factors and prior mammography and recent clinical breast examination (CBE), although the magnitude of the associations varied somewhat across groups. Reasons for not having had prior mammography also were similar across groups, with lack of physician referral and cost cited as the two most important reasons. However, Hispanics were less likely than blacks or whites to report prior breast cancer screening, including mammography, CBE, and breast self-examination (BSE). This study demonstrated that women of different racial/ethnic backgrounds can be successfully recruited to participate in a patient-initiated, community-based program. However, this programmatic approach requires augmentation with other intervention strategies designed to reach low-income women because women with more years of education and higher family income were overrepresented in all three groups.
TL;DR: One hundred six human mandibular left and right first premolars, previously extracted due to nonrestorable caries, periodontal disease, or orthodontic reasons, were sectioned perpendicular to the long axis of the root starting at the cementoenamel junction to find the shape of the canal was predominantly oval or round.
TL;DR: In this paper, the recrystallization of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) using gas anti-solvents was investigated, and it was shown that GAS (Gas Anti-Solvent) is an attractive process that can successfully produce void-free RDX in both currently desired sizes.
Abstract: Recrystall ization of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) using gas anti-solvents was investigated. RDX, an extremely sensitive high explosive, is difficult to recrystallize by conventional procedures in a form free of intragranular cavities. For example, solvent evaporation or liquid anti-solvent recrystallization methods may result in the inclusion of a liquid that causes voids when the explosive is subsequently dried. Since voids are detrimental to the performance of RDX-containing propellant and munition formulations, and since the only present means of reducing both the “void volume” and the particle size involves grinding, itself a difficult and dangerous operation, it is desirable to produce cavity-free RDX by direct recrystallization. GAS (Gas Anti-Solvent) Recrystallization has been shown to be an attractive process that can successfully produce void-free RDX in both currently desired sizes, viz., ultra-fine (
TL;DR: A general classical treatment of radiation rates in an inhomogenous medium is developed for periodic dielectric materials that exhibit photonic band structures.
Abstract: There has been a great deal of interest in periodic dielectric materials that exhibit photonic band structures. One of the more interesting features of such a substance is its ability to alter the emission rate of probe atoms embedded in the periodic lattice. Large enhancements and complete inhibition of emission rates can be obtained. It has been known for some time that the influence of a cavity on atomic emission is essentially a classical effect. Hence, we develop a general classical treatment of radiation rates in an inhomogenous medium. Our results agree with those of a fully quantum calculation, and are applied to a simple scalar model of a dipole in a one-dimensional periodic lattice of the Kronig-Penney type.
TL;DR: It can be concluded that F. tularensis LVS possesses a lipopolysaccharide-like molecule, which does not exhibit properties of a classical endotoxin, and no LPS endotoxin properties were found in galactosamine-treated mice or in the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay.
Abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the live vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis LVS) was isolated and purified. The LPS did not stimulate lymphocytes from previously tularaemia-vaccinated individuals or lymphocytes from nonprimed individuals. However, serum antibodies from tularaemia vaccines reacted with the LPS whereas virtually no reactivity was found with antibodies from individuals not exposed to F. tularensis LVS. Antibodies of immunoglobulin class M displayed the antibody reactivity predominantly. The LPS failed to induce the mononuclear cell-derived cytokine interleukin-1 and only low levels of tumour necrosis factor were detected. Furthermore, no LPS endotoxin properties were found in galactosamine-treated mice or in the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. From these results it can be concluded that F. tularensis LVS possesses a lipopolysaccharide-like molecule, which does not exhibit properties of a classical endotoxin.
TL;DR: The EIA, initially developed to detect antigens of prototype African strains of Ebola virus, reliably detected related strains of infection among imported, quarantined Macaca fascicularis monkeys in the United States.
Abstract: A sandwich enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) using a mixture of mouse monoclonal antibodies for antigen capture and polyclonal hyperimmune rabbit anti-Ebola virus serum for antigen detection was developed and evaluated on the tissues of monkeys naturally or experimentally infected with strains of Ebola viruses. When compared with virus isolation, the antigen detection EIA was both sensitive and specific: 44 of 45 (97.7%) liver homogenates and 38 of 41 (92.7%) spleen homogenates that were culture positive and tested by both techniques were positive for viral antigen, while 85 of 87 (97.7%) culture-negative liver homogenates and 66 of 66 culture-negative spleen homogenates were found to be antigen negative. The assay, initially developed to detect antigens of prototype African strains of Ebola virus, reliably detected related strains of Ebola virus found during two recent outbreaks of Ebola virus infection among imported, quarantined Macaca fascicularis monkeys in the United States. The assay allows economical and rapid testing of large numbers of tissue specimens. Antigen was found in homogenates of spleen and liver and in serum.