Showing papers by "University of Missouri published in 1999"
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of institutional investor types and governance devices on two dimensions of corporate social performance (CSP) were examined, including women and minorities, community, and employee relations.
Abstract: The effects of institutional investor types and governance devices on two dimensions of corporate social performance (CSP) were examined. Pension fund equity was positively related to both a people (women and minorities, community, and employee relations) and a product quality (product and environment) dimension of CSP, but mutual and investment bank funds exhibited no direct relationship with CSP. Outside director representation was positively related to both CSP dimensions. Top management equity was positively related to the product quality dimension but unrelated to the people dimension of CSP.
1,531 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate if the use of a Big 6 auditor is increasing the propensity of a firm's endogenous propensity to generate accruals and find that high-accrual firms have greater scope for aggressive and/or opportunistic strategies.
Abstract: This study investigates if the use of a Big 6 auditor is increasing in the firm's endogenous propensity to generate accruals. High‐accrual firms have greater scope for aggressive and/or opportunist...
1,429 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that TiO2 photocatalysis promoted peroxidation of the polyunsaturated phospholipid component of the lipid membrane initially and induced major disorder in the E. coli cell membrane.
Abstract: When titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) is irradiated with near-UV light, this semiconductor exhibits strong bactericidal activity. In this paper, we present the first evidence that the lipid peroxidation reaction is the underlying mechanism of death of Escherichia coli K-12 cells that are irradiated in the presence of the TiO(2) photocatalyst. Using production of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an index to assess cell membrane damage by lipid peroxidation, we observed that there was an exponential increase in the production of MDA, whose concentration reached 1.1 to 2.4 nmol. mg (dry weight) of cells(-1) after 30 min of illumination, and that the kinetics of this process paralleled cell death. Under these conditions, concomitant losses of 77 to 93% of the cell respiratory activity were also detected, as measured by both oxygen uptake and reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride from succinate as the electron donor. The occurrence of lipid peroxidation and the simultaneous losses of both membrane-dependent respiratory activity and cell viability depended strictly on the presence of both light and TiO(2). We concluded that TiO(2) photocatalysis promoted peroxidation of the polyunsaturated phospholipid component of the lipid membrane initially and induced major disorder in the E. coli cell membrane. Subsequently, essential functions that rely on intact cell membrane architecture, such as respiratory activity, were lost, and cell death was inevitable.
1,348 citations
TL;DR: The data indicate that an auxin maximum at a vascular boundary establishes a distal organizer in theRoot formation in plants involves the continuous interpretation of positional cues.
1,275 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, ethnic Chinese networks, as proxied by the product of ethnic Chinese population shares, are found to have increased bilateral trade both within Southeast Asia and for other country pairs.
Abstract: Ethnic Chinese networks, as proxied by the product of ethnic Chinese population shares, are found in 1980 and 1990 to have increased bilateral trade both within Southeast Asia and for other country pairs. Their effects within Southeast Asia are much greater for differentiated than for homogeneous products, while for other country pairs their effects are neither economically nor statistically significantly different across commodity groups. We interpret these and other, complementary findings as showing that (1) where ethnic Chinese communities are relatively large fractions of their countries' populations and have relatively numerous direct connections across international borders, they facilitate international trade primarily by helping to match international buyers and sellers in characteristics space, and (2) ethnic Chinese communities that are small fractions of their countries' populations are close-knit and facilitate international trade mainly by enforcing community sanctions that deter opportunistic behavior. The smallest estimated increase in bilateral trade in differentiated products within Southeast Asia attributable to ethnic Chinese networks exceeds 150 percent, suggesting that the informal trade barriers these networks help to overcome are economically important.
1,234 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship intensity and five specific strategic management practices in a sample of 169 U.S. manufacturing firms and found that there was a positive relationship between corpora entrepreneurship and scanning intensity, planning flexibility, locus of planning, and strategic controls.
Abstract: This study examines the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship intensity and five specific strategic management practices in a sample of 169 U.S. manufacturing firms. The five strategic management practices include: scanning intensity, planning flexibility, planning horizon, locus of planning, and control attributes. The results of the study indicated a positive relationship between corporate entrepreneurship intensity and scanning intensity, planning flexibility, locus of planning, and strategic controls. The fine-grained nature of these results may be of practical use to firms that are trying to become more entrepreneurial and may help researchers better understand the subtleties of the interface between strategic management and corporate entrepreneurship. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,107 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a large sample of U.S. publicly listed companies was used to test if high-accrual firms in the United States, are more likely to receive modified audit reports for asset realization uncertainties and going concern problems.
Abstract: Accounting accruals are managers' subjective estimates of future outcomes and cannot, by definition, be objectively verified by auditors prior to occurrence. This causes audits of high-accrual firms to pose more uncertainty than audits of low-accrual firms because of potential estimation error and a greater chance that high-accrual firms have undetected asset realization and/or going concern problems that are related to the high level of accruals. One way that auditors can compensate for this risk exposure is to lower their threshold for issuing modified audit reports, an action that will increase modified reports and, therefore, lessen the likelihood of failing to issue a modified report when appropriate. We call this auditor reporting conservatism and test if high-accrual firms in the United States, are more likely to receive modified audit reports for asset realization uncertainties and going concern problems. Empirical results for a large sample of U.S. publicly listed companies support the hypothesis that auditors are more conservative, that is, more likely to issue both types of modified audit reports for high-accrual firms. Further analyses show that income-increasing accruals are somewhat more likely to result in reporting conservatism than income-decreasing accruals, and that only the Big Six group of auditors show evidence of reporting conservatism. These findings add to our understanding of the audit report formation process and the potentially important role played by accounting accruals in that process.
847 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that exposing female mouse fetuses to an EEDC at a dose that is within the range typical of the environmental exposure of humans alters the postnatal growth rate and brings on early puberty in these mice.
Abstract: Plastics and pesticides are examples of products that contain oestrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals, or EEDCs, which can interfere with mammalian development by mimicking the action of the sex hormone oestradiol1. For instance, the exposure of developing rodents to high doses of EEDCs advances puberty and alters their reproductive function2. Low environmental doses of EEDCs may also affect development in humans3. Effects have become apparent in humans over the past half century that are consistent with those seen in animals after exposure to high doses of EEDCs, such as an increase in genital abnormality in boys4 and earlier sexual maturation in girls5. Here we show that exposing female mouse fetuses to an EEDC at a dose that is within the range typical of the environmental exposure of humans alters the postnatal growth rate and brings on early puberty in these mice.
793 citations
TL;DR: Data indicate that the IRT1 protein is a broad-range metal ion transporter in plants, which mediates uptake of these metals into plant cells under iron deficiency conditions.
Abstract: The molecular basis for the transport of manganese across membranes in plant cells is poorly understood. We have found that IRT1, an Arabidopsis thaliana metal ion transporter, can complement a mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain defective in high-affinity manganese uptake (smf1 delta). The IRT1 protein has previously been identified as an iron transporter. The current studies demonstrated that IRT1, when expressed in yeast, can transport manganese as well. This manganese uptake activity was inhibited by cadmium, iron(II) and zinc, suggesting that IRT1 can transport these metals. The IRT1 cDNA also complements a zinc uptake-deficient yeast mutant strain (zrt1zrt2), and IRT1-dependent zinc transport in yeast cells is inhibited by cadmium, copper, cobalt and iron(III). However, IRT1 did not complement a copper uptake-deficient yeast mutant (ctr1), implying that this transporter is not involved in the uptake of copper in plant cells. The expression of IRT1 is enhanced in A. thaliana plants grown under iron deficiency. Under these conditions, there were increased levels of root-associated manganese, zinc and cobalt, suggesting that, in addition to iron, IRT1 mediates uptake of these metals into plant cells. Taken together, these data indicate that the IRT1 protein is a broad-range metal ion transporter in plants.
741 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that ARFs can activate or repress transcription by binding to AuxREs directly and that selected ARFs, when overexpressed, may potentiate activation further by associating with an endogenous transcription factor(s) (e.g., an ARF) that is bound to auxREs.
Abstract: Auxin-response factors (ARFs) bind with specificity to TGTCTC auxin-response elements (AuxREs), which are found in promoters of primary/early auxin-response genes. Nine different ARFs have been analyzed for their capacity to activate or repress transcription in transient expression assays employing auxin-responsive GUS reporter genes. One ARF appears to act as a repressor. Four ARFs function as activators and contain glutamine-rich activation domains. To achieve transcriptional activation on TGTCTC AuxREs in transient expression assays, ARFs require a conserved dimerization domain found in both ARF and Aux/IAA proteins, but they do not absolutely require their DNA-binding domains. Our results suggest that ARFs can activate or repress transcription by binding to AuxREs directly and that selected ARFs, when overexpressed, may potentiate activation further by associating with an endogenous transcription factor(s) (e.g., an ARF) that is bound to AuxREs. Transfection experiments suggest that TGTCTC AuxREs are occupied regardless of the auxin status in cells and that these occupied AuxREs are activated when exogenous auxin is applied to cells or when ARF activators are overexpressed. The results provide new insight into mechanisms involved with auxin regulation of primary/early-response genes.
739 citations
Book•
10 Aug 1999TL;DR: In this article, Semigroups on Banach spaces and evolution semigroups have been used to define linear skew-product flows and Mather evolution operators and exact Lyapunov exponents.
Abstract: Introduction Semigroups on Banach spaces and evolution semigroups Evolution families and Howland semigroups Characterizations of dichotomy for evolution families Two applications of evolution semigroups Linear skew-product flows and Mather evolution semigroups Characterizations of dichotomy for linear skew-product flows Evolution operators and exact Lyapunov exponents Bibliography List of notations Index.
TL;DR: The results suggest that ARFs must form dimers on palindromic TGTCTC AuxREs to bind stably, and this dimerization may be facilitated by conserved motifs found in ARF carboxyl-terminal domains.
Abstract: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcription factors that bind with specificity to TGTCTC auxin response elements (AuxREs) found in promoters of primary/early auxin response genes. ARFs are encoded by a multi-gene family, consisting of more than 10 genes. Ten ARFs have been analyzed by Northern analysis and were found to be expressed in all major plant organs and suspension culture cells of Arabidopsis. The predicted amino acid sequences indicate that the 10 ARFs contain a novel amino-terminal DNA binding domain and a carboxyl-terminal dimerization domain, with the exception of ARF3 which lacks this dimerization domain. All ARFs tested bind with specificity to the TGTCTC AuxRE, but there are subtle variations in the sequence requirements at positions 5 (T) and 6 (C) of the AuxRE. While the amino-terminal domain of about 350 amino acids is sufficient for binding ARF1 to TGTCTC AuxREs, this domain is not sufficient for the binding of some other ARFs to palindromic AuxREs. Our results suggest that ARFs must form dimers on palindromic TGTCTC AuxREs to bind stably, and this dimerization may be facilitated by conserved motifs found in ARF carboxyl-terminal domains. Dimerization in at least some cases may dictate which ARF(s) are targeted to AuxREs.
TL;DR: A review of the work that has been published on disinfection and the killing of cancer cells using photocatalytic chemistry with titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be found in this paper.
Abstract: This article will review the work that has been published on disinfection and the killing of cancer cells using photocatalytic chemistry with titanium dioxide (TiO2). This is an application of photocatalytic chemistry that has been under active investigation since 1985. Because the nature of the research is such that it brings together disparate disciplines, this review provides background on photocatalytic chemistry, fundamental characteristics of target organisms, potential applications, and the toxicology of titanium dioxide. Literature identified in searches done through September 1998 is included.
TL;DR: Clark et al. as mentioned in this paper examined the prevalence of nonrandom dis- tributions of trees and palms in relation to soil type and topographic position over a mesoscale (573 ha) old-growth tropical rain forest (TRF) landscape at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica.
Abstract: Tropical rain forests have the highest tree diversity on earth. Nonrandom spatial distributions of these species in relation to edaphic factors could be one mechanism responsible for maintaining this diversity. We examined the prevalence of nonrandom dis- tributions of trees and palms in relation to soil type and topographic position (''edaphic biases'') over a mesoscale (573 ha) old-growth tropical rain forest (TRF) landscape at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. All trees and palms $10 cm diameter were mea- sured and identified in 1170 circular 0.01-ha plots centered on an existing 50 3 100 m grid. Topographic position was classified for each plot, and slope and aspect were measured. Soil type data were taken from a previous study (Clark et al. 1998). A total of 5127 trees and palms were identified in 267 species. Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Canon- ical Correspondence Analysis showed that highly significant edaphic gradients were present, with swamp or highly fertile soils separated from the less fertile, well-drained upland soils. Species composition remained significantly related to topographic position when soil type was controlled for. The main floristic gradients were still significant when flooded sites were excluded from the analyses. Randomization tests on a weighted preference index were used to examine the relations of individual species to soil types and, within the dominant soil type, to topographic position. Of the 132 species with N $ 5 individuals, 33 showed significant associations with soil type. Within the dominant soil type, 13 of 110 analyzable species were nonrandomly associated with one or more topographic positions. For a variety of reasons, including issues relating to sample size and adequate edaphic characterization of landscapes, we suggest that the ;30% of species shown to be edaphically biased in this study is an underestimate of the true degree of edaphically related distri- butional biases. To evaluate this hypothesis will require mesoscale vegetation sampling combined with quantitative soil analyses at the same scale in a range of tropical rain forests. If edaphic distributional biases are shown to be common, this suggests that edaphically linked processes leading to differential recruitment are similarly common.
TL;DR: This study provides evidence that, aside from random DNA-MTase action, additional cellular factors exist that govern aberrant methylation in breast cancer cells.
Abstract: CpG island hypermethylation is known to be associated with gene silencing in cancer. This epigenetic event is generally accepted as a stochastic process in tumor cells resulting from aberrant DNA methyltransferase (DNA-MTase) activities. Specific patterns of CpG island methylation could result from clonal selection of cells having growth advantages due to silencing of associated tumor suppressor genes. Alternatively, methylation patterns may be determined by other, as yet unidentified factors. To explore further the underlying mechanisms, we developed a novel array-based method, called differential methylation hybridization (DMH), which allows a genome-wide screening of hypermethylated CpG islands in tumor cells. DMH was used to determine the methylation status of >276 CpG island loci in a group of breast cancer cell lines. Between 5 and 14% of these loci were hypermethylated extensively in these cells relative to a normal control. Pattern analysis of 30 positive loci by Southern hybridization indicated that CpG islands might differ in their susceptibility to hypermethylation. Loci exhibiting pre-existing methylation in normal controls were more susceptible to de novo methylation in these cancer cells than loci without this condition. In addition, these cell lines exhibited different intrinsic abilities to methylate CpG islands not directly associated with methyltransferase activities. Our study provides evidence that, aside from random DNA-MTase action, additional cellular factors exist that govern aberrant methylation in breast cancer cells.
TL;DR: Crystallographic studies revealed how metal ion coordination and substrate recognition direct the formation of these supramolecular assemblies, and the addition of greater amounts of pyridine N-oxide changed the curvature of the assembling surface and resulted in theformation of extended tubules.
Abstract: Amphiphilic polyhedron-shaped p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene building blocks, which have been previously shown to assemble into bilayers in an antiparallel fashion, have been assembled in a parallel alignment into spherical and helical tubular structures by the addition of pyridine N-oxide and lanthanide ions Crystallographic studies revealed how metal ion coordination and substrate recognition direct the formation of these supramolecular assemblies The addition of greater amounts of pyridine N-oxide changed the curvature of the assembling surface and resulted in the formation of extended tubules
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that for some absolute constant C E 1 M ∑ i=1 M y i ⊗y i −id ⩽C· log n M ·( E ‖y‖ log M ) 1/log M, provided that the last expression is smaller than 1.
TL;DR: These norms serve as a useful benchmark for designing experiments about false recall and false recognition in this paradigm and provide a set of normative data for the lists Roediger and McDermott used and for 12 others developed more recently.
Abstract: Roediger and McDermott (1995) induced false recall and false recognition for words that were not presented in lists. They had subjects study 24 lists of 15 words that were associates of a common word (called the critical target or critical lure) that was not presented in the list. False recall and false recognition of the critical target occurred frequently in response to these lists. The purpose of the current work was to provide a set of normative data for the lists Roediger and McDermott used and for 12 others developed more recently. We tested false recall and false recognition for critical targets from 36 lists. Despite the fact that all lists were constructed to produce false remembering, the diversity in their effectiveness was large—60% or more of subjects falsely recalledwindow andsleep following the appropriate lists, and false recognition for these items was greater than 80%. However, the list generated fromking led to 10% false recall and 27% false recognition. Possible reasons for these wide differences in effectiveness of the lists are discussed. These norms serve as a useful benchmark for designing experiments about false recall and false recognition in this paradigm.
TL;DR: Performance on the experimental tasks provides insights into the cognitive deficits underlying different forms of LD, as well as into the sources of individual differences in academic achievement.
TL;DR: The authors examined the truism that studies from psychological laboratories are low in external validity and found that the psychological laboratory has generally produced psychological truths, rather than trivialities, and the same data suggest that a companion truism about field studies in psychology is also false.
Abstract: This article examines the truism that studies from psychological laboratories are low in external validity. Past rational and empirical explorations of this truism found little support for it. A broader empirical approach was taken for the study reported here; correspondence between lab and field was compared across a broad range of domains, including aggression, helping, leadership style, social loafing, self-efficacy, depression, and memory, among others. Correspondence between lab- and field-based effect sizes of conceptually similar independent and dependent variables was considerable. In brief, the psychological laboratory has generally produced psychological truths, rather than trivialities. These same data suggest that a companion truism about field studies in psychology—that they are generally low on internal validity—is also false.
TL;DR: Both strains nodulated a range of mimosoid legumes, especially the Australian species of Acacia, and the tribe Ingeae, and highest compatibilities were found with the papilionoid tribes Phaseoleae and Desmodieae, suggesting that broad host range originated in Southeast Asia and spread outward.
Abstract: Genetically, Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 and R. fredii USDA257 are closely related. Small differences in their nodulation genes result in NGR234 secreting larger amounts of more diverse lipo-oligosaccharidic Nod factors than USDA257. What effects these differences have on nodulation were analyzed by inoculating 452 species of legumes, representing all three subfamilies of the Leguminosae, as well as the nonlegume Parasponia andersonii, with both strains. The two bacteria nodulated P. andersonii, induced ineffective outgrowths on Delonix regia, and nodulated Chamaecrista fasciculata, a member of the only nodulating genus of the Caesalpinieae tested. Both strains nodulated a range of mimosoid legumes, especially the Australian species of Acacia, and the tribe Ingeae. Highest compatibilities were found with the papilionoid tribes Phaseoleae and Desmodieae. On Vigna spp. (Phaseoleae), both bacteria formed more effective symbioses than rhizobia of the "cowpea" (V. unguiculata) miscellany. USDA257 nodulated an exact subset (79 genera) of the NGR234 hosts (112 genera). If only one of the bacteria formed effective, nitrogen-fixing nodules it was usually NGR234. The only exceptions were with Apios americana, Glycine max, and G. soja. Few correlations can be drawn between Nod-factor substituents and the ability to nodulate specific legumes. Relationships between the ability to nodulate and the origin of the host were not apparent. As both P. andersonii and NGR234 originate from Indonesia/Malaysia/Papua New Guinea, and NGR234's preferred hosts (Desmodiinae/Phaseoleae) are largely Asian, we suggest that broad host range originated in Southeast Asia and spread outward.
TL;DR: In this article, a spatio-temporal Kalman filter is proposed for space-time prediction with dimension reduction and uses a statistical model that is temporally dynamic and spatially descriptive.
Abstract: SUMMARY Many physical/biological processes involve variability over both space and time. As a result of difficulties caused by large datasets and the modelling of space, time and spatiotemporal interactions, traditional space-time methods are limited. In this paper, we present an approach to space-time prediction that achieves dimension reduction and uses a statistical model that is temporally dynamic and spatially descriptive. That is, it exploits the unidirectional flow of time, in an autoregressive framework, and is spatially 'descriptive' in that the autoregressive process is spatially coloured. With the inclusion of a measurement equation, this formulation naturally leads to the development of a spatio-temporal Kalman filter that achieves dimension reduction in the analysis of large spatio-temporal datasets. Unlike other recent space-time Kalman filters, our model also allows a nondynamic spatial component. The method is applied to a dataset of near-surface winds over the topical Pacific ocean. Spatial predictions with this dataset are improved by considering the additional non-dynamic spatial process. The improvement becomes more pronounced as the signal-to-noise ratio decreases.
TL;DR: This work shows that stochastic resonance enhances the normal feeding behaviour of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), which use passive electroreceptors to detect electrical signals from planktonic prey, and demonstrates significant broadening of the spatial range for the detection of plankton when a noisy electric field of optimal amplitude is applied in the water.
Abstract: Stochastic resonance is the phenomenon whereby the addition of an optimal level of noise to a weak information-carrying input to certain nonlinear systems can enhance the information content at their outputs1,2,3,4. Computer analysis of spike trains has been needed to reveal stochastic resonance in the responses of sensory receptors5,6,7 except for one study on human psychophysics8. But is an animal aware of, and can it make use of, the enhanced sensory information from stochastic resonance? Here, we show that stochastic resonance enhances the normal feeding behaviour of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)9,10, which use passive electroreceptors11,12 to detect electrical signals from planktonic prey13. We demonstrate significant broadening of the spatial range for the detection of plankton when a noisy electric field of optimal amplitude is applied in the water. We also show that swarms of Daphnia plankton are a natural source of electrical noise. Our demonstration of stochastic resonance at the level of a vital animal behaviour, feeding, which has probably evolved for functional success, provides evidence that stochastic resonance in sensory nervous systems is an evolutionary adaptation14.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the importance, expectancies, and current attainment of 15 life goals, including 4 target intrinsic and 4 target extrinsic goals, in university samples from two cultures (the United States and Russia).
Abstract: Recent research in the United States suggests that individuals who strongly value extrinsic goals (eg, fame, wealth, image) relative to intrinsic goals (eg, personal growth, relatedness, community) experience less well-being This study examines such goals in university samples from two cultures—the United States and Russia Participants (N = 299) rated the importance, expectancies, and current attainment of 15 life goals, including 4 target intrinsic and 4 target extrinsic goals Results confirmed the relevance of the intrinsic-extrinsic distinction for both samples and that stronger importance and expectancies regarding extrinsic goals were negatively related to well-being, although these effects were weaker for Russian women Furthermore, for both men and women, perceived attainment of intrinsic goals was associated with greater well-being, whereas this was not the case for perceived attainment of extrinsic goals
University of Missouri1, University of Georgia2, Southwest Minnesota State University3, University of Iowa4, City University of New York5, Syracuse University6, California State University, San Bernardino7, Indiana University of Pennsylvania8, Michigan State University9, University of Nebraska Omaha10, Purdue University11, Fort Hays State University12, University of South Florida13, Texas A&M University14
Abstract: The current national priority for systemic approaches to the reform of science and mathematics education has led to unprecedented interest in research on the efficacy of science and mathematics teacher preparation programs. In response to this priority, a focus on collaborative approaches to educational reform and to research on educational reform resulted in a national collaborative research consortium of insitutions of higher education. The consortium was formed to investigate the following question about secondary science teacher education: What are the perceptions, beliefs, and classroom performances of beginning secondary teachers as related to their philosophies of teaching and their content pedagogical skills? The research design and instrumentation yielded detailed descriptions that elicited knowledge and beliefs held by beginning teachers about science, the nature of teaching and learning, and their philosophy of teaching. An analysis of video portfolios of beginning teachers provided classroom-based evidence of their performance in both subject matter and pedagogical dimensions of teaching. Among the findings from this 3-year exploratory study were that teachers graduated from their teacher preparation programs with a range of knowledge and beliefs about: how teachers should interact with subject content and processes, what teachers should be doing in the classroom, what students should be doing in the classroom, philosophies of teaching, and how they perceived themselves as classroom teachers. Beginning teachers described their practices as very student-centered. Observations of these teaching practices contrasted starkly with teacher beliefs: While teachers professed student-centered beliefs, they behaved in teacher-centered ways. Undertaking intensive, collaborative studies such as the one described in this article, is the beginning of efforts through which the science and mathematics education communities can strive to address the needs of students, teachers, teacher educators, and other stakeholders working to establish a common vision for excellent instruction and systemic, long-lasting reform. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 36: 930–954, 1999
TL;DR: The optimal intervention for FMS would include nonpharmacological treatments, specifically exercise and cognitive-behavioral therapy, in addition to appropriate medication management as needed for sleep and pain symptoms.
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Methods: This meta-analysis of 49 fibromyalgia treatment outcome studies assessed the efficacy of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment across four types of outcome measures—physical status, self-report of FMS symptoms, psychological status, and daily functioning. Results: After controlling for study design, antidepressants resulted in improvements on physical status and self-report of FMS symptoms. All nonpharmacological treatments were associated with significant improvements in all four categories of outcome measures with the exception that physically-based treatment (primarily exercise) did not significantly improve daily functioning. When compared, nonpharmacological treatment appears to be more efficacious in improving self-report of FMS symptoms than pharmacological treatment alone. A similar trend was suggested for functional measures. Conclusion: The optimal intervention for FMS would include nonpharmacological treatments, specifically exercise and cognitive-behavioral therapy, in addition to appropriate medication management as needed for sleep and pain symptoms.
TL;DR: Overall, results indicate that exercise-induced increases in aerobic fitness have beneficial short-term and long-term effects on psychological outcomes.
TL;DR: Stochastic resonance (SR) as mentioned in this paper provides a glaring example of a noise-induced transition in a nonlinear system driven by an information signal and noise simultaneously, and some characteristics of the information signal (amplification factor, signal-to-noise ratio, the degrees of coherence and of order) at the output of the system are significantly improved at a certain optimal noise level.
Abstract: Stochastic resonance (SR) provides a glaring example of a noise-induced transition in a nonlinear system driven by an information signal and noise simultaneously. In the regime of SR some characteristics of the information signal (amplification factor, signal-to-noise ratio, the degrees of coherence and of order, etc.) at the output of the system are significantly improved at a certain optimal noise level. SR is realized only in nonlinear systems for which a noise-intensity-controlled characteristic time becomes available. In the present review the physical mechanism and methods of theoretical description of SR are briefly discussed. SR features determined by the structure of the information signal, noise statistics and properties of particular systems with SR are studied. A nontrivial phenomenon of stochastic synchronization defined as locking of the instantaneous phase and switching frequency of a bistable system by external periodic force is analyzed in detail. Stochastic synchronization is explored in single and coupled bistable oscillators, including ensembles. The effects of SR and stochastic synchronization of ensembles of stochastic resonators are studied both with and without coupling between the elements. SR is considered in dynamical and nondynamical (threshold) systems. The SR effect is analyzed from the viewpoint of information and entropy characteristics of the signal, which determine the degree of order or self-organization in the system. Applications of the SR concept to explaining the results of a series of biological experiments are discussed.
TL;DR: The ten-item Inventory of Polychronic Values (IPV) as discussed by the authors was developed using data from 11 samples (N = 2,190) collected from bank employees, undergraduate students, hospital personnel, dentists and their staffs, and state agency managers.
Abstract: The ten‐item Inventory of Polychronic Values (IPV), a psychometric measure of polychronicity (the extent to which people in a culture prefer to be engaged in two or more tasks or events simultaneously and believe their preference is the best way to do things), was developed using data from 11 samples (N = 2,190) collected from bank employees, undergraduate students, hospital personnel, dentists and their staffs, and state agency managers. Principal components, alpha, correlation, and confirmatory factor analyses supported the IPV in its internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, content adequacy, construct validity (both discriminant and convergent), and nomological validity.