Showing papers by "University of Winnipeg published in 2000"
TL;DR: Bounds on dim(G) are presented in terms of the order and the diameter of G and it is shown that dim(H)⩽dim(H×K2)⦽dim (H)+1 for every connected graph H.
821 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that participants viewed women as less competent than men after receiving negative evaluations from them but not after receiving positive evaluations, and that the evaluation of women depended more on the favorability of the feedback they provided than was the case for men.
Abstract: Motivation may provoke stereotype use. In a field study of students’ evaluations of university instructors and in a controlled experiment, participants viewed women as less competent than men after receiving negative evaluations from them but not after receiving positive evaluations. As a result, the evaluation of women depended more on the favorability of the feedback they provided than was the case for men. Most likely, this occurred because the motivation of criticized participants to salvage their self-views by disparaging their evaluator led them to use a stereotype that they would otherwise not have used. The stereotype was not used by participants praised by a woman or by participants who observed someone else receive praise or criticism from a woman; all these participants rated the woman just as highly as participants rated a man delivering comparable feedback.
208 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a low-profile design for dual-band dual-polarized SAR applications was investigated, where stacked-patch configurations were used to meet the bandwidth requirements, especially in the L-band, where a balanced transmission line feed was used to minimize cross polarization.
Abstract: For dual-band dual-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications a compact low-profile design is investigated. The operating frequencies are in the L and C-bands, centered about 1.275 and 5.3 GHz, respectively. Since the C-band frequency is larger by a factor of four, its array elements and inter-element separations are smaller by the same ratio. Thus, to allow similar scan ranges for both bands, the L-band elements are selected as perforated patches to enable the placement of C-band elements within them. Stacked-patch configurations were used to meet the bandwidth requirements, especially in the L-band. The C-band element was designed numerically, but the perforated L-band one required final experimental optimization. Also, in the latter case of L-band, a balanced transmission line feed was used to minimize cross polarization. For the C-band elements, slot coupling was used and, to simplify the feed, symmetric parasitic slots were incorporated to minimize cross polarization. No vertical connections were utilized, and electromagnetic couplings resulted in a compact low-profile design, with an electrically and thermally symmetric geometry.
159 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, 1,10-Dichlorodecane (D2C10) is shown to be effectively photodegraded in aqueous suspensions of TiO2 using a photoreactor equipped with 300 nm lamps.
Abstract: 1,10-Dichlorodecane (D2C10) is shown to be effectively photodegraded in aqueous suspensions of TiO2 using a photoreactor equipped with 300 nm lamps. Solutions exposed to UV light intensities of 3.6 × 10-5 Ein L-1 min-1, established by ferrioxalate actinometry, showed negligible direct photolysis in the absence of TiO2. The degradation rate was optimal with 150 mg/L of TiO2 and a D2C10 concentration (240 μg/L) approaching its solubility limit. Kinetics of photodegradation followed a Langmuir−Hinshelwood model suggesting that the reaction occurred on the surface of the photocatalyst. The presence of h+vb and OH• radical scavengers, including methanol and iodide, inhibited the degradation supporting a photooxidation reaction. Electron scavengers (Ag+, Cu2+, and Fe3+) had small effects on the degradation rate. The lack of transformation of D2C10 in acetonitrile as solvent indicated that the major oxidants were OH• radicals. The presence of tetranitromethane, effectively eliminating the formation of free OH• r...
113 citations
TL;DR: The most commonly recognized features of indigenous peoples are: descent from original inhabitants of a region prior to the arrival of settlers who have since become the dominant population, maintenance of cultural differences, distinct from a dominant population; and political marginality resulting in poverty, limited access to services, and absence of protections against unwanted "development" as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: It is rare that circumstances in world history are favorable to the creation of a new kind of global political entity. Nationalism and the nation-state were novelties in the nineteenth century, as E. J. Hobsbawm (1990) convincingly demonstrates, but their connection with modernity was concealed by nationalist identifications with natural ties, permanent homelands, archaic cultures, and timeless bonds of common history. A similar global movement, which I refer to here as "indigenism," has gained momentum over the last few decades largely out of the notice of observers, pundits, and theorists of international events. This movement, it is true, is smaller in scale, more fragile, less turbulent than the nationalist upheavals of the past two centuries, but it nevertheless has the potential to influence the way states manage their affairs, and even to reconfigure the usual alignments of nationalism and state sovereignty. The use of the term 'indigenous'1 in reference to original inhabitants of a givI would like to thank Robert Epstein, David Maybury-Lewis and Jon Bankson for commenting on earlier drafts of this paper. The Grand Council of the Crees provided invaluable logistical support, above all in getting me through the doors of the Palais des Nations for Working Group meetings in the summer and fall of 1996, and in making available its archive at the embassy in Ottawa. The staff at doCip and the League of Nations archive in Geneva brought some very compelling material to my attention, and Ted Moses and Robert Epstein were often able to expand on issues not covered fully by the written record. The Pimicikamak Cree Nation of Cross Lake, Manitoba gave me a firsthand comparative perspective during the later stages of revision that has subtly influenced my thinking on the main issues. I In the legal literature the term "indigenous" has developed as "an accident of history" (Barsh, cited in Muntarbhorn), while in the anthropological literature (for example Maybury-Lewis 1997:7-11) similar problems of social and historical diversity are gathered within an ill-defined category. The most commonly recognized features of indigenous peoples are: descent from original inhabitants of a region prior to the arrival of settlers who have since become the dominant population; maintenance of cultural differences, distinct from a dominant population; and political marginality resulting in poverty, limited access to services, and absence of protections against unwanted "development." These features can be found in Cobo's (1986) provisional definition:
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis and reactivity of both mono-and polyiron arene complexes are described and the important synthetic applications of arene cyclopentadienyliron complexes are also described.
87 citations
TL;DR: A procedure for estimating reliability in which equivalent halves of a given test are systematically created and then administered a few days apart so that transient error can be included in the error calculus is introduced.
Abstract: This article introduces a procedure for estimating reliability in which equivalent halves of a given test are systematically created and then administered a few days apart so that transient error can be included in the error calculus. The procedure not only estimates complete reliability (taking into account both specific-factor error and transient error) but also can estimate partial reliability (taking into account only specific-factor error). Scores from 6 different measuring instruments were analyzed with the procedure. The results indicate that the magnitude of transient error in real data can range from nonexistent to very large. It follows that traditional reliability estimates, using nonstaggered procedures, are inflated to the extent that transient error is present.
71 citations
TL;DR: This paper surveys both the historical and philosophical background of dialoguetheory and the latest research initiatives on dialogue theory in computer science, and proposes a classification of the main types of dialogue that should provide the central focus for studying many important dialogue contexts in specific cases.
Abstract: Dialogue theory, although it has ancient roots, was put forward in the 1970s in logic as astructure that can be useful for helping to evaluate argumentation and informal fallacies.Recently, however, it has been taken up as a broader subject of investigation in computerscience. This paper surveys both the historical and philosophical background of dialoguetheory and the latest research initiatives on dialogue theory in computer science. The main components of dialogue theory are briefly explained. Included is a classification of the main types of dialogue that, it is argued, should provide the central focus for studying many important dialogue contexts in specific cases. Following these three surveys, a concluding prediction is made about the direction dialogue theory is likely to take in the next century, especially in relation to the growing field of communication studies.
69 citations
TL;DR: Examination of patient subgroups derived using the Multiaxial Assessment of Pain suggests that MAP subgroups differ with regard to their propensity to be(come) fearful and in their likelihood of having PTSD.
67 citations
TL;DR: The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was evaluated in 91 participants attending a community-based substance abuse program and it showed that those with PTSD experienced more potentially traumatic events compared to the possible PTSD and no PTSD participants.
62 citations
TL;DR: Carbonation, ozonation, and type of packaging were not associated with differences in metal levels, although carbonated samples tended to show higher TDS values.
Abstract: Forty domestic and imported brands of bottled water were purchased in Manitoba, Canada and examined for total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen, cadmium, lead, copper, and...
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15 Sep 2000TL;DR: In this article, the authors define a set of k-realizable partitions for orientable and non-orientable regions of the world, which are defined as: Orientable: by Vertex and Face Partition Nonorientable, by vertex and face Partition Summarized by Edges and Vertices.
Abstract: PREFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION Organization of the Atlas Further Reading SURFACES AND MAPS Representation of Maps and Surfaces Examples of the Definitions Using the Atlas An Application of k-Realizable Partitions THE AXIOMATIZATION AND THE ENCODING OF MAPS Orientable Surfaces Locally Orientable Surfaces GENERATING SERIES AND CONJECTURES Generating Series for Hypermaps Specialization to Maps The Quadrangulation Conjecture The b-Conjecture THE ATLAS MAPS IN ORIENTABLE SURFACES Genus 0 - The Sphere Genus 1 - The Torus Genus 2 - The Double Torus MAPS IN NONORIENTABLE SURFACES Genus 1 - The Projective Plane Genus 2 - The Klein Bottle Genus 3 - The Crosscapped Torus Genus 4 - The Doubly Crosscapped Torus FACE REGULAR MAPS AND HYPERMAPS Triangulations Quadrangulations Hypermaps ASSOCIATED GRAPHS AND THEIR MAPS TABLES NUMBERS OF ROOTED MAPS Orientable: by Vertex and Face Partition Nonorientable: by Vertex and Face Partition Summarized by Edges and Vertices NUMBERS OF UNROOTED MAPS Orientable: by Vertex and Face Partition Nonorientable: by Vertex and Face Partition NONREALIZABLE PAIRS OF PARTITIONS For Orientable Surfaces For Nonorientable Surfaces MAP POLYNOMIALS b-Polynomials Genus Distributions BIBLIOGRAPHY GLOSSARY INDEX
TL;DR: It is shown in a 6-year study of red-winged blackbirds that the presence or absence of marginal offspring in experimentally manipulated broods had virtually no effect upon the growth of core offspring, whereas alterations of the size of core brood had strong and significant effects.
Abstract: Many birds hatch their offspring asynchronously, and the adaptive significance of this trait, if any, is controversial. David Lack suggested long ago that by facilitating brood reduction when resources are scarce, hatching asynchrony provides relief from the effects of overcrowding. Some field workers interpret this to mean that the growth and survival of survivors should rise following partial brood loss. Here we show in a 6-year study of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) that the presence or absence of marginal offspring in experimentally manipulated broods had virtually no effect upon the growth of core offspring, whereas alterations of the size of core brood had strong and significant effects. Nestling growth was, not surprisingly, slower in broods with partial brood loss. Intriguingly, marginal offspring showed significantly greater variation in mass. Core offspring are less sensitive to, but not exempt from, the inimical effects of resource shortfall than are marginal offspring. The phenotypic handicap appears to marginal offspring a caste of high-variance progeny whose fitness prospects rest upon levels of parental input (stochastic resources) and the size of the core brood (stochastic development).
TL;DR: The same condition is necessary and sufficient for two modified retrial queueing systems to be ergodic and conditions for ergodicity of two BMAP/PH/s/s+K retrial queues with PH-retrial times and impatient customers are obtained.
Abstract: Define the traffic intensity as the ratio of the arrival rate to the service rate. This paper shows that the BMAP/PH}/s/s+K retrial queue with PH-retrial times is ergodic if and only if its traffic intensity is less than one. The result implies that the BMAP/PH}/s/s+K retrial queue with PH-retrial times and the corresponding BMAP/PH}/s queue have the same condition for ergodicity, a fact which has been believed for a long time without rigorous proof. This paper also shows that the same condition is necessary and sufficient for two modified retrial queueing systems to be ergodic. In addition, conditions for ergodicity of two BMAP/PH}/s/s+K retrial queues with PH-retrial times and impatient customers are obtained.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a two-sector model in which the Chinese state acts as a monopsonist maximizing industrial profits (investment) subject to an agricultural production constraint.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest a perspective on the role of SOEs in China's moder economic transformation, beginning with the period of 1992 to 1997, when the reform process emerged in 1992 from its post-Tiananmen doldrums, China's policy and rhetoric on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) began shifting steadily.
Abstract: Since the early 1990s, China's state-owned industrial sector has experienced severe and increasing stress. When the reform process emerged in 1992 from its post-Tiananmen doldrums, China's policy and rhetoric on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) began shifting steadily. In 1994, the government announced a major program of reforms with the theme of transforming SOEs into "moder corporations." A new round of experiments began in selected enterprises and cities, but a few years later, observers were more agreed than ever that efforts to improve the efficiency of the SOEs had been inadequate. After years of fretting about mounting SOE losses, government policy shifted toward acceptance of a quiet but nevertheless large-scale privatization of smalland medium-sized SOEs. By 1997, the World Bank, which had until then shown a notable patience with China's SOEs, was calling for the selection of no more than one thousand industrial SOEs for continued state majority share ownership and was recommending a more passive state role in all SOEs. China's leadership appeared increasingly prepared to accept such recommendations. In what follows, we suggest a perspective on the role of SOEs in China's moder economic transformation, beginning with the period
TL;DR: A computerized pattern recognition system based on the analysis of phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) measurements, and utilizing genetic algorithms, is presented, trained to distinguish between basic types of defects appearing in gas-insulated system (GIS).
Abstract: A computerized pattern recognition system based on the analysis of phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) measurements, and utilizing genetic algorithms, is presented. The recognition system was trained to distinguish between basic types of defects appearing in gas-insulated system (GIS), such as voids in spacers, moving metallic particles, protrusions on electrodes, and floating electrodes. The classification of defects is based on 60 measurement parameters extracted from PRPD patterns. Classification of defects appearing in GIS installations is performed using the Bayes classifier combined with genetic algorithms and is compared to the performance of the other classifiers, including minimal-distance, percent score and polynomial classifiers. Tests with a reference database of more than 600 individual measurements collected during laboratory experiments gave satisfactory results of the classification process.
TL;DR: A new estimator, coefficient beta, is introduced in the process and is presented as a complement to coefficient alpha in estimating the psychometric properties of test scores and ratings.
Abstract: Cronbach alpha and Cohen kappa were compared and found to differ along two major facets. A fourfold classification system based on these facets clarifies the double contrast and produces a common metric allowing direct comparability. A new estimator, coefficient beta, is introduced in the process and is presented as a complement to coefficient alpha in estimating the psychometric properties of test scores and ratings.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors distinguish between cities experiencing high rates of growth and those growing more slowly and argue that widely held North American assumptions to the contrary, slow growth is not a pathology; and because we do tend to view it as a pathology, we fail to plan for it and instead follow policies more appropriate to rapidly growing centers.
Abstract: This article distinguishes between cities experiencing high rates of growth and those growing more slowly and argues that 1) widely held North American assumptions to the contrary, slow growth is not a pathology; and 2) because we do tend to view it as a pathology, we fail to plan for it and instead follow policies more appropriate to rapidly growing centers. Using Winnipeg as the primary example of a slowly growing city, but drawing on a wide range of data, the article considers the following policy areas: housing, management of infrastructure, economic development, and immigration. In each of these areas the argument is that policies that may be defensible in rapidly growing centers are inappropriately followed in slowly growing cities where different lines of policy would be more beneficial. Appropriate policies for slowly growing cities are suggested and their merits evaluated.
TL;DR: One hundred and two white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] stands sampled in the sub-boreal spruce biogeoclimatic zone of British Columbia were used to examine the role of understory vegetation in assessing soil moisture and nutrient regimes as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: Si crystals (n-type, fz) with doping levels between 1.5×1014 and 2×1016 cm-3 containing in addition ∼1018 Sn/cm3 were irradiated with 2-MeV electrons to different doses and subsequently studied by scientists.
Abstract: Si crystals (n-type, fz) with doping levels between $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$ and $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ containing in addition $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{18}{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{n}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ were irradiated with 2-MeV electrons to different doses and subsequently studied by deep level transient spectroscopy, M\"ossbauer spectroscopy, and positron annihilation. Two tin-vacancy (Sn-V) levels at ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.214\mathrm{eV}$ and ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.501\mathrm{eV}$ have been identified ${(E}_{c}$ denotes the conduction band edge). Based on investigations of the temperature dependence of the electron-capture cross sections, the electric-field dependence of the electron emissivity, the anneal temperature, and the defect-introduction rate, it is concluded that these levels are the double and single acceptor levels, respectively, of the Sn-V pair. These conclusions are in agreement with electronic structure calculations carried out using a local spin-density functional theory, incorporating pseudopotentials to eliminate the core electrons, and applied to large H-terminated clusters. Thus, the Sn-V pair in Si has five different charge states corresponding to four levels in the band gap.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the skepticism over the role of insurance is misdirected, that having a back-up is virtually automatic as a contributing incentive to parents and, in some taxa, that it provides a necessary and totally sufficient explanation for over-production.
Abstract: Breeding birds can generally be thought of as having evolved life-history traits that tend to maximize lifetime reproductive success. Within this broad pattern, many variations are possible because all traits are co-evolved with numerous others in complex ways. Clutch-size, for example, has long been understood to be frequently lower than the number of young parents are capable of supporting by working at their top capacity, especially in long-lived species. Nevertheless, studies of species with fatal competition among nestmates have shown that parents routinely create one offspring more than they normally will raise, as if counting on brood-reduction to trim family size after hatching. Three general and mutually compatible parental incentives for initial over-production have been identified, with David Lack's resource-tracking hypothesis having received the most attention. Extra sibs can also assist each other in some circumstances, but a third explanation for over-production that has been aroun...
TL;DR: Small exact values of z(s; 2) are calculated and bounds for Zarankiewicz numbers in general are determined, which are used to bound b(m; n) for m; n 6.
21 Jun 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, theoretical and experimental approaches to the mechanisms responsible for electrical conduction at low and high fields, electrical aging, partial discharge and breakdown phenomena in insulating polymers are described.
Abstract: This paper describes our theoretical and experimental approaches to the mechanisms responsible for electrical conduction at low and high fields, electrical aging, partial discharge and breakdown phenomena in insulating polymers. Electrical conduction always involves carrier injection from electrical contacts and subsequently dissociative trapping and recombination. When injected carriers make a transition from one energy state to a lower one, an energy equal to the energy difference between the two states will be evolved, and this energy could be of the order of 4 eV and it will be dissipated in the breaking of the polymer bonds and the creation of free radicals or low weight molecules and hence new traps. It is this gradual degradation process that leads to electrical aging. Depending upon the band structure and the potential barrier profile of the carrier injecting contracts, the normally electron-dominant conduction may change to a hole-dominant conduction at high fields, such as in polyethylene films. Electrical conduction is filamentary at high fields. Internal discharges such as electrical treeing and breakdown are initiated by impact ionization within the low-density regions created by electron (or hole) trapping or recombination, and then followed by the development of thermal instability in the high current density region of the main conduction filaments (or channels). This process then leads to a rapid increase in carrier multiplication and final destruction of the material inside the filaments (or breakdown channels). Methods for suppressing carrier injection and for reducing energy release during carrier trapping or recombination are also briefly discussed.
TL;DR: It was found that pharmacists had attempted to maintain control of their labour process and had resisted peripheralization from drug dispensing, and technological processes did serve as artifacts reinforcing occupational demarcations as well as professional solidarity vis a vis hospital administrators although its impact on gender boundaries was less evident.
TL;DR: A simple receiver structure for any continuous phase modulation (CPM) scheme is introduced, its front end is just the ordinary linear receiver followed by a subinterval sampler, eliminating the need for the standard analog matched filters.
Abstract: A simple receiver structure for any continuous phase modulation (CPM) scheme is introduced. Its front end is just the ordinary linear receiver followed by a subinterval sampler, eliminating the need for the standard analog matched filters. Its design is based on the decomposition of the CPM signal in the Walsh signal space. This brings the hardware requirement to a minimum, and near-optimum performance can be easily obtained.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the impact of village-sponsored infrastructural investment and social services on the productivity of Chinese farm households, using detailed farm-level data for the period 1986-90.
Abstract: This article examines the impact of village‐sponsored infrastructural investment and social services on the productivity of Chinese farm households, using detailed farm‐level data for the period 1986–90. The main findings are that the public facilities and services provided by village collectives augmented productivity growth of farm households, and that the expenditures on public good activities in the sample villages were below the optimal level. The problems of under‐investment in public projects were particularly acute in low‐income villages.
TL;DR: The findings of this pilot study point to the need for additional studies to confirm the effectiveness of very brief forms of CBT, and to document the circumstances in which combined treatment with an SSRI would be warranted.
Abstract: Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) are both considered as first-line treatments for panic disorder, but the advantages of a combined therapy have yet to be definitively demonstrated. We evaluated in this pilot study the effects of combining SSRIs (vs. a placebo) with a very brief form of cognitive-behavioral therapy provided to all participants. Thirty-three subjects with DSM-IV panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, were randomized to receive either paroxetine or a placebo with flexible dosing (10–50 mg/day). Medication visits were brief (15 min), infrequent (6 in total) and non-directive. An expert cognitive-behavior therapist administered one initial 45-min session and one subsequent 30-min session of very brief CBT (vbCBT) at weeks 5 and 7, respectively. Sessions were supplemented with educational and directive reading materials. Patients in both groups (i.e. vbCBT+paroxetine; vbCBT+placebo) improved similarly and substantially on most measures during the 10 weeks of acute treatment. At week 10, the proportion of panic-free patients was significantly higher in the paroxetine-treated group than in the placebo group (80 vs. 25%; P<0.007), as was the proportion of subjects who rated themselves as ‘very much improved’ at week 10 (60 vs. 13%; P<0.017). These findings point to the need for additional studies to confirm the effectiveness of very brief forms of CBT, and to document the circumstances in which combined treatment with an SSRI would be warranted.
TL;DR: Computer intensive statistics are used to show that a similar spatial bias exists in three burrow-nesting seabirds - Cassin's auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus, rhinoceros auklets Cerorhinca monocerata, and ancient murrelet Synthliborampshus antiquus - nesting off the Pacific coast of Canada.
Abstract: What governs the size and location of seabird colonies has long intrigued population ecologists. Previous analysis of the distribution of colonies of four European seabirds revealed a spatial bias - large colonies occurred farther apart than expected by chance alone - suggesting that intraspecific competition for food supplies during breeding may regulate colony size. Here we use computer intensive statistics to show that a similar spatial bias exists in three burrow-nesting seabirds - Cassin's auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus, rhinoceros auklet Cerorhinca monocerata, and ancient murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus - nesting off the Pacific coast of Canada. Local habitat constraints explain much of the existing spatial bias: large colonies cannot fit on small islands, and large islands suitable for colonies tended to occur far apart. However, a residual spatial bias still remained for ancient murrelets and Cassin's auklets (but not rhinoceros auklets) after habitat constraints are built into the analysis, for which intraspecific food competition remains a plausible explanation.
TL;DR: It was found that nurses were generally distrustful of AMDS and skeptical that it had reduced medication errors, and the efforts of hospital administrators to raise nurses' confidence in the system's reliability were also delineated.
Abstract: Automated medication dispensing systems (AMDS) technology is increasingly being implemented in health care facilities to reduce the risk of medication errors. However, the case study evidence of their effectiveness has so far been mixed. It has been suggested that the attitudes of nursing staff toward AMDS can be an important factor in influencing whether or not the technology will be successfully implemented. Nurses' attitudes toward AMDS were examined at Riverview Health Centre, a long-term care facility where the Meditrol automated dispensing system had been installed the previous year. It was found that nurses were generally distrustful of AMDS and skeptical that it had reduced medication errors. A number of technological, organizational, and social factors has been put forward to explain this distrust. In addition, the efforts of hospital administrators to raise nurses' confidence in the system's reliability were also delineated.