Showing papers in "Biological Psychiatry in 1991"

TL;DR: Measurements of individual cerebral grey matter structures and an index of white matter degeneration suggest that between 30 and 79 years significant decreases occur in the volume of the caudate nucleus, in anterior diencephalic structures, and in the grey matter of most cortical regions.

TL;DR: Most event-related potential studies of schizophrenic attention deficits suggest an impairment in controlled processing indexed by reduced P3 amplitude and an attenuation of processing negativity (PN), but it is possible that dysfunctions in controlled processes may be secondary to defects in preattentive mechanisms.

TL;DR: Findings of HPA axis dysfunction in both PTSD and major depressive disorder are summarized, and shows distinct patterns of Hpa changes, which are probably due to different mechanisms of action for cortisol and its regulatory factors.

TL;DR: It is suggested that some morphological brain changes may be present at the time of first treatment for a psychotic illness, whereas others may occur later in the course of illness.

TL;DR: mCPP is a safe, reliable, direct 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) agonist, which may be used to evaluate 5HT receptor sensitivity, which causes a consistent, dose-dependent elevation of ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin levels in both animals and humans, as well as increased body temperature in man.

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that sleep attenuates negative feedback inhibition within the HPA system, whereas wakefulness reflects increased feedback sensitivity of this system.

TL;DR: In the frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients there are significant differences from normal in the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylethanolamine, but these differences were not found in the cerebellar cortex.

TL;DR: REM density appears to be a more likely candidate for a biologic marker for major depression than is REM latency, which was clearly affected by age, but there were no significant differences between patients and controls until the middle of the fourth decade of life.

TL;DR: Results indicated expected widespread cortical volume reductions in AD, which were especially severe in mesial cortices; but comparable reductions were present in subcortical structures, particularly the thalamus.

TL;DR: It is suggested that subcortical and cortical right hemisphere lesions may produce different neurochemical and/or remote metabolic brain changes that may underlie the production of either a bipolar disease or a unipolar mania.

TL;DR: It is confirmed that putative NMDA antagonists inhibit sensorimotor gating in rats and suggest that these effects are not mediated by the activation of central dopamine systems.

TL;DR: The normal-anxious difference in the basal ganglia and the change seen in this region after benzodiazepine treatment are suggestive of a role in anxiety for this structure.

TL;DR: Results demonstrate that both typical and atypical neuroleptics enhance animals' capacity to ignore irrelevant stimuli, and this finding for an animal model of schizophrenia and for a novel screening test for antipsychotic drugs are discussed.

TL;DR: The results showed that cortisol secretory patterns were very similar between the two groups with the exception that the depressed adolescents showed significantly elevated cortisol levels around sleep onset (a period when cortisol is usually suppressed).

TL;DR: The emergence of psychosis in the context of Alzheimer's disease appears to be a poor prognostic sign, and in contrast to its relationship to cognitive impairment, psychosis was not associated with an increased mortality rate.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted a DST in 44 schizophrenic inpatients at drug-free baseline and approximately 4 weeks after neuroleptic treatment and found that postdexamethasone plasma cortisol levels were correlated with negative symptoms at baseline ( r = 0.45; p

TL;DR: Under physiological conditions, cells are protected against oxyradical-mediated damage primarily by the cooperative and sequential actions of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SODL glutathione peroxidase), and catalase (CAT), which are critical components of the antioxidant defence system (AODS).

TL;DR: Postmortem volumetry of cortex, white matter, and basal ganglia was performed in brains of schizophrenic patients and controls closely matched for gender, age, and hemisphere and found no significant volume changes of cortex and white matter in schizophrenics.

TL;DR: The possibility that a subclinical deficiency of the trace element selenium might exist in a sample of the British population was examined by giving a seenium supplement for 5 weeks, associated with a general elevation of mood and in particular, a decrease in anxiety.

TL;DR: Reductions in the density of sigma binding sites in schizophrenia were most prominent in temporal cerebral cortex, and were accompanied by a small increase in affinity for the ligand [3H]haloperidol.

TL;DR: Findings may provide evidence for a role of DHEAS in amnestic disorder in humans, either reflecting or contributing to the course of dementing diseases.

TL;DR: Both m-CPP and caffeine had significantly greater anxiogenic and panic-inducing effects than placebo, although caffeine produced nonsignificantly greater increases on all anxiety rating scales than m- CPP, providing further evidence implicating both the serotonergic and adenosinergic receptor systems in the neurobiology of panic disorder.

TL;DR: The coupling of both muscarinic-cholinergic receptors and beta-adrenergic receptors to pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins or cholera toxin- sensitive G proteins was compared among untreated manic patients, lithium-treated euthymic bipolar patients, and healthy volunteers using mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) membrane preparations to suggest an altered G protein function is of pathophysiological importance in bipolar affective disorder.

TL;DR: A significant increase in the subjective assessment of total sleep time and daytime alertness was demonstrated with melatonin but not with placebo, however, 7 of the 13 patients reported that the active treatment had no significant effect on subjective feelings of well-being.

TL;DR: The P1 in patients did not decrease as much in amplitude as in controls at the 9.9/sec stimulus rate, which is consistent with reports of thalamic dysfunction in schizophrenia.

TL;DR: The results indicate that the ocular motor systems of patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders process eye position error abnormally.

TL;DR: The development of models of the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases that build on recent advances in chemical neuroanatomy will help to guide future research.

TL;DR: The findings suggest that hypercortisolism and glucocorticoid feedback resistance might be general features of primate aging.

TL;DR: This review reports, with as much detail as possible, on the literature relating to therapeutic sleep deprivation (or induced-wakefulness therapy) since it was first described in 1971, finding that no unequivocal explanation has been found for the mechanism of action of sleep deprivation.

TL;DR: Metergoline's ability to block m-CPP's effects on behavior and plasma prolactin lends further support to a serotonergic mediation of m- CPI's effects, including its elicitation of OCD symptoms.